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Whichethnicminority(少数民族)dotheybelongto?Manchu满族BriefIntroductionManchuHistory渊源ManchuDistribution分布CulturalAssimilation文化同化Mandarin普通话Clothing服饰ManchuHistoryThefirstancestorsoftheManchuweretheSushen（肃慎）,apeoplewholivedduringthesecondandfirstmillennia（千年）BC.Oneofthetribes（部落）oftheMohe（靺鞨）,theHeishui(BlackWater)tribe,eventuallybecametheancestorsoftheJurchens（女真）,fromwhomtheManchuoriginated.（起源）TheJurchensundertheleadofWanyanclan（完颜家族）establishedtheJinDynasty(literallyGoldenDynasty)thatruledthenorthernhalfofChina(1115–1234)andrivaledtheSongDynastyinsouthernChina.TheJinwereconquered（征服）bytheMongols.（蒙古）Beforetheseventeenthcentury,theancestorsoftheManchusweregenerallyapastoralpeople（游牧民族）,existingonhunting,fishingandengaginginlimitedagricultureandpig-farming.Theirtradition——HuntingManchuDistributionManchuspreadsalmostallovertheChina.Itisinthecountry's31provinces,mainlyconcentratedintheprovinceofLiaoning,accountingfor51%ofthetotalpopulationofthemanchu.Inaddition,theareasoftheManchupopulationatabout1000000areBeijing,Hebei,InnerMongolia,HeilongjiangandJilin.满族的分布几乎遍布全国，在全国31个省，主要集中在辽宁省，总人口51%。此外，满族人口约1000000的地区是北京，河北，内蒙古，黑龙江和吉林。TheManchupeoplehasbeenlargelyassimilated（同化）withtheHan（汉族）Chinese.TheManchulanguageisalmostextinct(消失),andnowisspokenonlyamongasmallnumberofelderlypeopleinremoteruralareasofnortheasternChinaandafewscholars（学者）.Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenaresurgence（复兴）ofinterestinManchucultureamongbothethnicManchusandHan.ThenumberofChinesetodaywithsomeManchuancestry（血统）isquitelarge,andtheadoption（采纳）offavorablepoliciestowardsethnicminorities（少数民族）suchaspreferential（优先）universityadmission,governmentemploymentopportunitiesandmorethanonechildadmissionhasencouragedsomepeoplewithmixedHanandManchuancestrytore-identifythemselvesasManchu.CulturalAssimilationMandarin(普通话)CommonLanguage(alsoPutonghua)wasformedwiththehelpofManchudialect（方言）.IftherewerenoManchudialect,wehaven’tspokenthiskindofcommonlanguageforsomanyyears!IftherewerenoManchudialect,thereceivedpronunciationofChinesetodaywouldbelikeJiangsudialect!CommonLanguagewasbasedonthepronunciationofBeijingdialect,andthevocabularyandpronunciationofBeijingdialectwasdeeplyinfluencedbyManchudialect!Sonowyou’llbeclearerabouthowdoestheword“mandarin”comesfrom？ClothingTheytraditionallycoiled（缠）theirhairinhightufts（绺，髻）ontopoftheirheadsandworeearrings,longgowns（长袍）.Thewomenwithhighersocialstatus(社会地位)woresilkclothingwhilecottonclothingwaswornbywomenoflowersocialstatus.Somecostumes（服饰）includingqipao(旗袍)andmandarinjacket（马褂）,MandarindressarestillpopularalloverChina.Theman‘sclothingonceconsistedofashortandadjustedjacketoveralonggownwithabeltatthewaisttofacilitate（协助）horse-ridingandhunting.UnliketheHan,theManchudidnotpracticefootbinding（裹足）.Theoriginalqipao（旗袍）waswideandloose.Itcoveredmostofthewoman’sbody,revealing（露出）onlythehead,hands,andthetipsofthetoes.Themodernversion,whichisnowrecognizedpopularlyinChinaasthestandardqipao,wasfirstdevelopedinShanghaiafter1900,theQingDynastydecline.Nowadays,theydon’thavetheirownethnicclotingexceptthoseliveinremoteareas.Thedresslikehanpeople.MandarinJacketforEmpress皇后龙褂Longgownandmandarinjacket长袍和马褂Beltandaccessories腰带和配饰TheoriginalqipaoWaistcoat马甲、坎肩ThemodernqipaoThankyouforyouattention!