英语语法大全之独立成分

济南沃尔得国际英语1独立成分一个词或一个词组，如果在句子中和其他词或词组没有语法上的联系，则称为独立成分（Absolute，orIndependentExpression）。独立成分可以是感叹语（Exclamations），呼语（Vocatives）或是插入语（ParentheticalExpressions）。Ⅰ．感叹语感叹语不仅可以是惊叹词，也可以是名词、形容词、动词、副词；不仅可以是单词，还可以是短语、不定式或从句。它表示突然产生的感情，后面跟有一个惊叹号（！）：惊叹词：Oh！Whatisthat？OmydearJohn！Aha！Thatisit．Bah！Iamnotapigtobetreatedso．名词：Awhale！Lookthere．Mypurse！Itislost．Idiot！Hemustbecrazy．Littlesilly！Whotoldyoutodoit？Fire！Bequick！Nonsense！Youaredreaming．Silence！Fatherissleeping．Thief！Thief！Thewayhetalks（名词可由定语从句修饰）！Youwouldthinkhimaprofessor．Thethingstheyhavedone！Nobodycouldbelieve．ThefoolIhavebeen！Shemusthavelaughedatme．济南沃尔得国际英语2（that）youhavebought！Butit'sratherdear．Averyusefulsubject（that）youarelearning！Dirtymoneytheymake！Theyshouldbesenttoprison．形容词：Marvellous！ThisisthefirsttimeI'veseenit．Shocking！Whocouldhavestoodit？Whatajob！Ridiculous！Fantastic！动词：Look！Hereisherletter．Come，come！（Don'texpectmetobelieveit．）Help！He'sdrowned．Help！Hear！Hear！副词：Away！Letmeseeyounomore．Why？Ican'tunderstandyou．Howfast！Indeed！Thatistoomuch．Quickly！It'sdangerous．代词：Ahme！Odearme！短语：Fieuponyou（oryoursuggestion）！AfigforRex！hespoilseverything．Woetohim！Downwithtyranny（orcolonialism）！济南沃尔得国际英语3！不定式：Tothinkyoucouldbesoungrateful！Otobeathome！Oh，totreathisparentsso！从句：Thatyoushouldturnagainstme！Thatbreadshouldbesodear！Iftheraincould（only）stop！Ⅱ．呼语1772呼语是说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼：Waiter，fourcupsoftea，please．（在面前的人）MayIhelpyou，madam？（已婚或单身女人）Operator，whatisthephonenumberofA－OneCompany？Officer（＝policeman），whereisUnionSquare？Parson（=clergyman），isdivorcesometimesnecessary？Counsellor（=lawyer），whatwillbeourfirststep？Mydearson，youhavealwaysbeeninmymind．（不在身边的人）Lincoln！Youshouldbelivingtothisday．Rollon，Ocean，rollon！（看得见的东西）Twinkle，twinkle，littlestars！Odeath！Whereisyourvictory！（看不见的东西）Ojudgement！Thouartfledtobrutishbeasts．济南沃尔得国际英语4！HowImissyou！Ⅲ．插入语：句子修饰语插入语表示整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解；可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语可以是一个插入的陈述句、独立分词、独立不定式或独立副词（短语）。A．插入陈述句插入陈述句是一个简短的陈述句（只有主语和谓语），通常插在句子中间，偶尔也可放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。如果把它放在句子开头，整个句子就会成为一个名词从句，句子则变作陈述句中及物动词的宾语：Theboy，Ithink，hascomefromthecountry．Theboyhascomefromthecountry，Ithink．Ithink（that）theboyhascomefromthecountry．Hismanners，itistrue，areawkwardandsilly．Hismannersareawkwardandsilly，itistrue．Itistrue（that）hismannersareawkwardandsilly．更多的例句：Thosepeople，hesometimesfelt，werebetterthanus．Thishouse，Iknow，willbesoldtoarichman．Hiswife，Ipresume，wasnotlistening．Whatastrangeman，Iexclaim，isthisfellow！Averybeautifulfairy，sothelegendruns，hasappearedhere．Thatgentleman，markyou，isthebigbossofabigfirm．Itwas，aslneedhardlysay，thegreatestbridgeinthiscoun-try．（由as引起的陈述句是一种状语从句）济南沃尔得国际英语5，asisgenerallyassumed，isase-cretgamblinghouse．（as引起的是一个关系从句）Thepeopleofthiscountry，letitbeunderstood，arepoorernowthanbefore．HisknowledgeofEnglish，itmustbeacknowledged，isbetterthanours．Leteverybody，heordered，speakoutopenly．Heis，Iamafraid，stillverychildish．Theyaremostly，remember，robbersandpickpockets．Never，hethought，hadtheyseensuchathing．Itisabore，youknow．Pepticulcer，astudyshows，usuallycomesfromworries．Itisraining，Ithink．Whatitisallabout，Iwonder．Wherewashe，sheasked．Hehasdoneeverythingpossible，itseems．B．独立分词一个作状语的分词，如果它的意义上的主语很模糊或泛指一般人，此主语就可以省略，这个分词就成为“独立分词”，在多数情况下它都用在句子开头，偶尔也可放在其他位置。分词的这种用法只限于下面这些分词（参阅1097—1098）：Consideringhisage（大致相当于Ifweconsiderhisage），heisclever．Allowingfortherain，hewillarriveatten．Speaking（orTalking）ofthefootballmatch，ourteamwasratherdisappointing．Regarding（orRespecting）suchmatters，itishardtosayanything．济南沃尔得国际英语6，afurtherdiscussionseemsnecessary．Comingtothequestionofmarriage，Ihavesomethingtosay．Judgingfromreports，theeconomicconditionisnowworsethanlastyear．Judgingbytheappearance，thisarticlecan'tbeGermanmade．Granting（orAdmitting）thathewasdrunk，heshouldnothaveinsultedmywife．Supposing（orSuppose）thatIfallsick，nobodywilltakecareofme．Generallyspeaking，peopleinthistownarehappy．Strictly（orProperly，Roughly）speaking，everybodyismoreorlessselfish．Puttingthisandthattogether，heisstillhappy．Barringaccidents，heshouldbeherethisevening．Beggingyourpardon，yoursonisrathernaughty．Weshallarrivebeforedusk，provided（orproviding）（that）wewalkfaster．Youcaninformmeofthismatter，seeingthatyouhavestudieditmanyyears．Therearethirtypersons，notcountingthechildren．Therearethirtystudents，includingtengirls．Thismatterisgrowingserious，accordingtothepapers．Nothingcanbedone，considering（thecircumstances）．C．独立不定式虽说不定式的作用和分词差不多，但我们必须说tospeakthetruth，而不能说speakingthetruth，只能说tobefrank，而不能说beingfrank；必须说济南沃尔得国际英语7，而不能说toconsiderhisage，只能说regardingsuchmatters，而不能说toregardsuchmatters，这个现象是十分有趣的。下面例子说明在什么情况下需用不定式（参阅1142）：Tospeakthe（precise）truth（大致相当于IfIamtospeakthetruth），Icandoverylittleforyou．Tospeakplainly（orfrankly），itisnobusinessofours．Tobefrank（orplain，sincere）withyou，Ihavenomon-eytospare．Nottomincematters，Igetmarriednextweek．Toputitbluntly，thatisnothingbutalie．Nottoputtoofineapointonit，heisratherhardup．Todohimjustice，Johnhaslivedanddied