英语教学法-听说法-(1)

LOGOTheAudiolingualMethodChapter4---RexidanTheentryofUSintoWWII(1941)ArmySpecializedTrainingProgram1942(ASTP)---enablestudentsattainconversationalproficiencyofforeignlanguagesArmyMethodAudiolingualMethod(1950s)TheUniversityofMichigandevelopedthefirstEnglishLanguageInstitutein1939.CharlesFriesthinksthestructureofthelanguagewasidentifiedwithitsbasicsentencepatternsandgrammaticalstructure.PatternPracticewasabasicclassroomtechnique.“Generalform”oftextbooks:Alessonbeganwithworkonpronunciation,morphology,andgrammar,followedbydrillsandexercises.AudiolingualMethodCombinationofstructurallinguistictheory,contrastiveanalysis,aural-oralprocedures,andbehavioristpsychology.Traditionalapproachestothestudyoflanguagehadlinkedthestudyoflanguagetophilosophyandtoamentalistapproachtogrammar.Instructurallinguisticslanguagewasviewedasasystemofstructurallyrelatedelementsfortheencodingofmeaning,theelementsbeingphonemes,morphemes,words,structures,andsentencetypes.Animportanttenetofstructurallinguisticswasthattheprimarymediumoflanguageisoral:SpeechislanguageBehavioralpsychologyTheoccurrenceofbehaviorisdependentonthreecrucialelementsinlearning:stimulus(servestoelicitbehavior),response(triggeredbyastimulus)andreinforcement(servestomarktheresponseasbeingappropriateandencouragesrepetition).Reinforcementisvitalelementinlearningprocess,becauseitincreasesthelikelihoodofthatthebehaviorwilloccuragainandeventuallybecomeahabit.Foreignlanguagelearningisbasicallyaprocessofmechanicalhabitformation.Languageskillsarelearnedmoreeffectivelyiftheitemstobelearnedarepresentedinspokenformbeforeseeninwrittenform.Analogyprovidesabetterfoundationforlanguagelearningthananalysis.Linguisticandculturalcontextshouldalsobeinvolvedinteaching.Short-rangeobjectives:traininginlisteningcomprehension,accuratepronunciation,recognitionofspeechsymbolsandtheabilitytoreproducethesesymbolsinwriting.Long-rangeobjectives:competenceofthetargetlanguagelikeanativespeaker.Audiolingualismisalinguisticorstructure-basedapproachtolanguageteaching.Thestartingpointisalinguisticsyllabus.Languageskillsaretaughtintheorderoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting.Dialogueanddrillsformthebasisofaudiolingualclassroompractices.TheuseofdrillsandpatternpracticeisadistinctivefeatureoftheAudiolingualMethod.Learnersareviewedasorganismsthatcanbedirectedbyskilledtrainingtechniquestoproducecorrectresponses.Learnershavelittlecontroloverthecontent,pace,orstyleoflearning.Audiolingualismisalsoateacher-dominatedmethod.Theteacher’sroleiscentralandactive.Languagelearningisseentoresultfromactiveverbalinteractionbetweentheteacherandthelearners.InstructionalmaterialsinAudiolingualMethodassisttheteachertodeveloplanguagemasteryinthelearner.Theyareprimarilyteacher-oriented.Tapereorders,audiovisualequipmentsandlanguagelaboratoryareconsideredessential.ModeldialogueSituationaladaptationofdialogueUsageofkeystructureforpatterndrillsRefertotextbooksFollow-upactivitiesThetheoreticalfoundationsofAudiolingualismwereattackedasbeingunsoundintermsofbothlanguagetheoryandlearningtheory.Practicalresultsofteachingfellshortofexpectations.:LOGO