Paecilomyces-and-some-allied-Hyphomycetes

 PaecilomycesandsomealliedHyphomycetesR.A.SAMSONCentraalbureauvoorSchimmelcultures,BaarnSummaryThegenusPaecilomyces (typespecies:P. variotii Bainier)ismonographedandredefined.Thedelimitationofthegenusanditsrelationshiptoothergeneraarediscussed;theperfectstatesbelongtoByssochlamys Westl.,Talaromyces C.R. BenjaminandThermoascus Miehe.Akeytothedescribedgeneraandsomerelativesisgiven.ThemorphologicalcharactersofPaecilomyces aredescribed;asubdivisionintotwosectionsisproposed:IntheSect.Paecilomyces somemesophilictothermophilicspeciesareaccomodatedwithyellow-browntobrowncolonies;severalspeciesareaccompaniedbyaperfectstate.MesophilicspecieswithwhiteorotherbrightcoloniesareaccomodatedinthenewSect.Isarioidea; amongthemareseveralentomogenoustaxa.31speciesarekeyedout,describedandillustrated.Thedescriptionsaremainlybasedontheirmorphologicalcharactersinpureculture.Paecilomyces aerugineus, P. ghanensis, P. ramosus, P. coleopterorum, P. reniformis andP. niphetodes aredescribedasnewspecies.Newcombinationsfor9species,originallydescribedinIsaria, Spicaria, Verticillium, Penicillium andCylindrodendrum areproposed.ThegenusMariannaea Arnaudisre-introducedandvalidated.Penicillium elegans Cordaistransferredtothisgenus;anewvarietypunicea ofthisspeciesandanewspeciesM. camptospora aredescribedandillustrated.ThegenusNomuraea Maublancisretainedfortwoentomogenousspecies,Spicaria rileyi (Farlow)CharlesandIsaria atypicola Yasuda.Paecilomyces berolinensis Oláh&AckermannandP. herbarum Brown&SmithareaccomodatedinthegenusSeptofusidium W. Gams.Theconceptofthisgenusisbrieflydiscussed.ThenewgenusGabarnaudia Samson&W.GamsisproposedtoaccomodateOospora betae Delacr.andtheconidialstateofSphaeronaemella fimicola Marchal.Gabarnaudia tholispora ArnaudexSamson&W.GamsandG. humicola Samson&W.Gams(ascigerousstate:Sphaeronaemella humicola Samson&W.Gams)aredescribedasnewspecies.DoubtfulandexcludedspeciesoriginallydescribedinPaecilomyces andSpicaria arelistedandtwonewcombinations,Verticillium subfasciculatum (Petch)Samson&W.Gams(=Oospora subfasciculata Petch)andScopulariopsis parva (Brown&Smith)Samson(= Paecilomyces parvus Brown&Smith)areproposed.1.IntroductionThegenusPaecilomyces wasintroducedbyBainier(1907),whodescribeditasbeingcloselyrelatedtoPenicillium LinkexFr.,butdifferingintheabsenceofgreencolouredcoloniesandbytheshortcylindricalphialideswhichtaperintolongnecks.Previously,similarspecieswereoftenplaced[p.2]inSpicaria Harting(1846)(typespeciesS.solani = Gliocladium solani (Harting)Petch),agenusmis-interpretedbyHarz(1871),whocharacterizedthespeciesbyverticillateconidiophoresandcatenateconidia.Saccardo(1881)popularizedHarz'sinterpretation,andtheconceptionofSpicaria becameconfused.Hughes(1951)andBrownandSmith(1957)suggestedthatthenameSpicaria isbestforgotten,andtransferredseveralspeciestoPaecilomyces. AfterPaecilomyces hadbeenlittleknownformanyyears,BrownandSmith(1957) monographedthegenus.Theyre-cognizedtheoccurrenceofsimilarconidiogenousstructuresasinthetypespecies,Paecilomyces variotii, insomespeciesdescribedinIsaria andSpicaria, andtransferredthemtoPaecilomyces. OneofthesespeciesisIsaria farinosa (HolmexS.F.Gray)Fr.(1832).ClementsandShear(1931),Mains(1955)andMorris(1963) consideredthisspeciesasthelectotypeofthegenusIsaria Pers.exFr.Thischoicewouldmeanthat,becauseofpriority,Isaria shouldbeusedforallPaecilomyces species.Petch(1934) anddeHoog(1972)discussedthechoiceofI. farinosa andotherspeciesaslectotype.VonArx(1970)andsubsequentlydeHoog(1972) choseforIsaria felina DC.exFr.inordertoprovideagenericnameforsynnematousBeauveria-like fungi.Paecilomyces asconceivedbyBrownandSmith(1957)contains23species;someofthemseemtofallbeyondthescopeofthegenus,becauseofdeviatingconidiogenousstructures.Paecilomyces fusisporus Saksena(1953)haspartlybrown,wartyconidiophoresandoftenlaterallyproliferatingflask-shapedphialides;ithasthereforebeenplacedinthegenusAcrophialophora Studies in Mycology, No. 610 June 1974页码，1/67StudiesinMycology,No2012-6-24file://F:\Write\虫草属系统研究进展\其他属类\拟青霉多样性\拟青霉系统...(SamsonandTariqMahmood,1970).Thephialidesofanotherspecies,Paecilomyces elegans (Corda)Mason&Hughes,arealmostawl-shaped,producingconidiainimbricatechainsorinslimyheads;thespeciesisthereforetransferredtothegenusMariannaea Arnaud(1952).Paecilomyces herbarum BrownandSmithandP. berolinensis Oláh&Ackermann(1969) havebasitonouslyverticillateconidiophoresandawl-shapedphialides.TheyareregardedasbelongingtothegenusSeptofusidium W.Gams.ThegenericconceptofPaecilomyces wasbroadenedbyOnionsandBarron(1967), whoincluded10monophialidicspecies,whichhaveorthotropicawl-shapedphialides.Gams(1971b)transferredthesemonophialidicspecies,withtheexceptionofPaecilomyces inflatus, toAcremonium. Subramanian(1972)placedsomeofthesespeciestogetherwithGliomastix murorum inanewgenus,Sagrahamala.BrownandSmith(1957)suggestedthatSpicaria rileyi (Farlow)Charles(= Nomuraea prasina Maublanc)shouldprobablybeexcludedfromPaecilomyces. ThisentomogenousspeciesdiffersfromthetypicalPaecilomyces speciesbythedenselyverticillatephialideswhich