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1I.PhoneticDevices语音修辞1.Onomatopoeia（拟声）:Theuseofwordsthatimitatethesoundsassociatedwiththeobjectsoractionstheyreferto.例：Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear.AllwasquietagaininHanMansionexceptforsomepeoplesnoring,thehorsechewingmash,andgeesecracklingatintervals.Icanhearthewatersplashing,thebeeshumming,andthefrogscroaking.2.Alliteration（头韵）:Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervalsandsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled“frontrhyme”.例：Thefairbreezeblew,\thewhitefoamflew,\Thefurrowfollowedfree;\Wewerethefirstthateverburst\intothatsilentsea.Moneymakesthemarego.Agoodfameisbetterthanagoodface.3.Consonance(辅韵)：Itreferstotherepetitionofthesameconsonantsintheendofagroupofwords.(一组词，一句话或一行诗歌中，相同的词尾辅音重复出现)例1：Helaughsbestwholaughslast.例2：WithhisthreehundredwagingThebattle,longhestood.Andlikealionraging,Expiresinseasofblood.(此处也称诗歌的rhyme)4.Homoeotoleuton(谐缀),meaningsimilarityofendings,referstotheuseofidenticalorsimilarsoundingsuffixes(后缀)onthefinalwordsofphrasesorclauses.Homoeotoleutonisusuallyusedinaversebutitalsohasawonderfuleffectinaprose.例：Thereisnosecuritybutopportunityonthisearth.IneedtimetodrinkbutIneedmoretimetothink.Educationisnotreceivedbutachieved.5.Assonance（半谐音）：Assonanceistherepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants,inthestressedsyllablesofadjacentwords.例：AllroadsleadtoRome.Acitythatissetonahillcannotbehid.城造在山上，是不能隐藏的。Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks.IISemanticDevices语义修辞6.Simile(明喻)：Asimileisacomparisonbetweentwoquitedifferentthings,designedtocreateanunusual,interesting,emotionalorothereffectoftenusingwordssuchas“like”,“as…as”,“asif/though”.例：Thepoemhewroteislikeacolorfulpainting.Heisasstubbornasamute.ThetwoboyslookasifofthesamecastHehadnomoreideaofartthanacow（明确的比喻“than”）27.Metaphor（隐喻）：Ametaphorisawordorphrasethatdescribesonethingbeingusedtodescribeanother.Itisanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoormoreunlikethings;achievedbyidentifyingonewiththeother.Sometimesboththetenorandvehicleappear,whilesometimesonlythevehicleappears.A.tobe结构be动词连接本体（thetenor）与喻体（thevehicle）例：Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisbound.Life'sbutawalkingshadow.人生不过是行走的影子Violenceisthecancerofmodernsociety.B.“of”连接本体与喻体。Of表同位关系例：Ifalluponthethornoflife!Ibleed!我落入生活的荆棘中，我淌血C.用动词和形容词表示比喻例：Noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.Thestreetaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogsInthebackground,atinyapprenticeblowsabigcharcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellowsworkedbyastringattachedtohisbigtoe—theredofthelivecoals,glowingbrightandthendimmingrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows.8.Metonymy(转喻):Metonymyisawordorphrasethatisusedtorepresentsomethingitiscloselyassociatedwithalthoughboththingsinvolvedarenotofthesamekind.转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。Forexample:Whenwesay“Thekettleisboiling”,weactuallymeanthewaterinthekettleisboiling.Herethekettlehasnothingincommonwithwater,buthassomethingtodowithit.Otherexamplesare:thePressfornewspapersingeneral,WallStreetfortheAmericanstockmarket,theBenchforthejudiciary,andDanteforhisworks.例：Hiswalletwouldnotallowhimthatluxury.实际上指钱Penismightierthanthesword.(前者指文字，后者指武力)Heisfondofthebottle.他嗜好喝酒。（bottle代替酒）Hemusthavebeenspoiltfromthecradle.（代童年）9.Synecdoche（提喻）：Synecdocheisaformofmetaphorinwhichthepartstandsforthewhole,thewholestandsforapart,oranindividualforaclass,thematerialforthethingorviceversa.例：Shewasdressedinsilk.\Ahandisneededinourworkshop.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.\Hetoiledalldaylongtoearnhisbread.ItalybeatFranceintheWorldCupFinals.\Therewasn’tasailinsight.10.Personification(拟人):Personificationgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions.Itisthusaformofmetaphorinwhichtheinanimatethingisseentohavesomesimilaritywithhumans.例：Aliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.Theflowersnoddedtoherasshepassed.Thesunkissedthegreenfields.11.Pun(双关)Punisaplayonwordsforawittyorhumorouseffect,whichinvolves3anamusinguseofexpressionswithadoublemeaningorthesamesoundbutdifferentmeanings.双关是指同形异义词(homonym)或同音异义(homophone)词的巧妙使用，是一种文字游戏。例：Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak(week).Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(death)grave还指严肃Itisbettertoliverichthantodierich(toliverich指过充实的生活，todierich指死时很富有，同样地词rich意思不同)Islifeworthliving?Itdependsontheliver.(Heretheplayisuponthehomonymsliver,meaningonewholivesandliver,animportantorganinhumanbody.)12.Euphemism(委婉)Euphemismiswhenyousubstitutelanguagethatislessdirectandvagueforanotherthatisconsideredtobeharsh,bluntoroffensive.Itisoftenusedoutofcourtesyorconsiderationforotherpeople’sfeelings.例：Onthe14thofMarch,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.(die)Thegirlishardofhearing(isdeaf).landscapearchitect(gardener)sanitationengineer(garbageman)thedisadvantaged(thepoor)seniorcitizens(oldpeople)payingguest(boarder)restroom(toilet)13.Hyperbole(夸张)：Hyperboleisoverstatementorexaggeratedlangu