定语从句中用Which的几种情况Abstract:Generally,whentalkingaboutthedifferencesbetween“that”and“which”intheAttributiveClauses,teachersliketoemphasizetheusesof“that”.Somoststudentsarefamiliarwiththemandknowhowtouse“that”.Butmanyofthestudentsdon’tknowtherelativepronoun“which”alsohasmanyuses.Inthepastfewyears,“which”appearedmorefrequentlyinNMETthan“that”.Sointhisarticle,theauthormainlyshowuswhentouse“which”andgiveacompleteconclusionof“which”.Keywords:which定语从句指代物指代人通常,在讲定语从句关系代词“that”与“which”的区别时,老师喜欢强调“that”的用法,大部分学生对其比较熟悉,也知道如何使用“that”。然而,关系代词“which”的用法同样比较多。它既可以指物,也可以指人(这一点可能许多同学不太熟悉和了解);既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。近几年来,高考对“which”的考查越来越多。请看下面几个高考题:1.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%_______aresoldabroad.(2004年辽宁卷,答案:A.which指代物)A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat2.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtookthesailorninemonths,________thesailingtimewas226days.(2004年广西卷,答案A.which指代物)A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich3.Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop______toproducetheworkingsofhisowmhands.(2005年湖南卷答案:Bwhich指代物)A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.onwhich4.TheEnglishplay_______mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasgreatsuccess.(2005年全国I卷答案:Cwhich指代物)A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich5.Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,_______shewantedtobe.(2005年湖北卷答案Dwhich指代人)A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which因此,掌握“which”在何种情况下使用是非常有必要的。那么,“which”到底有那些用法呢?笔者在多年的教学实践中将“which”的用法进行了较全面的总结。现将其一些较特殊的和不常见的用法予以展示,希望可对各位同仁和英语爱好者有所帮助。一、先行词表物时下列情况只用which;不能用that:1、在定语从句中,当关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时Eg:①.Thetableunderwhichtheboycrawledwasputupforaution.男孩在下面爬的那张桌子被拿去拍卖了。②.Lightisthefastthingintheworld,thespeedofwhichis300,000kilometerspersecond.世界上光的速度是最快的,其速度是每秒三十万公里。③.Heonceparticipatedtheinvestigationtheresultofwhichwillbesoonpublished.他参加了结果不久就将公布的那项调查。另外,还可以在不定式作定语的结构中作介词宾语。此时不定式短语相当于一个定语从句。Eg:①.Thekeywithwhichtoopenthedoorhasbeenlost.开这扇门的钥匙不见了。(withwhichtoopenthedoor=withwhichwecanopenthedoor)②.Wemovedtothecountrysothatchildrenhaveagardeninwhichtoplay.(inwhichtoplay=inwhichtheycouldplay)我们搬到了乡下,这样孩子们就有一个花园游玩了。2、在限制性定语从句中指代的先行词为that时Eg:①.Thatwhichismosthighlyvaluedinthetribeisvaour.在这部落最受推崇的是英雄。②.Thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedone.一次做得好等于做两次。3、(1)在非限制性定语从句中用关系代词Eg:Allthesebooks,whichhadbeendonatedbyvisistingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.所有这些书将被研究生使用,书是由客座教授赠给的。(2)在非限制性定语从句中引导修饰句子的定语从句,相当于andthat。Eg:①.Heinvitedustodinner,whichwasverykindofhim.他请我们去吃饭,他真是太好了。②.Pamdidn’tgototheshow,andthatisapity.=Pamdidn’tgototheshow,whichisapity.帕姆没去看表演,真遗憾。4、在非限制性定语从句中作名词的限定词,用于总结整个主句的情况或句子部分内容,常见的名词有fact,case,event,situation,time,failure,claim,point等。Eg:①.Profithadtobeincreased,toachievewhichobjectbecometheoccupationofbusinessexecutives.必须提高利润,追求达到这一目标成了企业经理们的主要活动。②.Heisold,whichfactisimpotant.他已经老了,这个事实是很重要的。③.Theplanemaybeseveralhourslate,inwhichcasethere’snopointinourwaiting.飞机可能晚点几个小时,这样我们再等也就没有意义了。④.Helosthistemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogohome.他发脾气了,这时我就决定回家了。⑤TheystayedwithmefortheseweeksduringwhichtimetheydrunkallthewineIhad.他们和我一起呆了三周,在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。二、which可指代人1、当充当定语从句的表语或宾语时,往往用来表示某类所具有的性格、素质、地位或职业等。Eg:①.Heimaginedhimselftobeanartist,whichhewasnot.虽然他不是艺术家,但是他却把自己想象成一个艺术家。②.Heisexactlythemanwhichaneducationwaslikelytoform.他是这种教育可能造就的出来的人。③.Hetalkedlikeanative,whichhehardlywas.他说起话来像是本地人,其实他不见得是。2、可以用于指代不分性别的婴儿或儿童。Eg:.Hismotherhadtenchildren,ofwhichhewastheoldest.他母亲有十个孩子,他是最大的那个。3、指与人有关的集体(整体),不表其成员。①.thegovernmentwhichiscuttngitlosses.正在消减损失的政府。②.Theaudience,whichwasmostenthusiasticapplaudedthesoloist.极为热情的观众为那位独唱演员热烈鼓掌。参考文献:《实用英语语法》薄冰著山西教育出版社2004.7《魔法英语语法》(高中版)张纯等编郑州出版社2003.4《英语常见问题解答大词典》赵振才编世界图书出版西安公司,2005.1《英语常用句型解析》刘英杰主编北京金盾出版社2003.8