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关系词(关系代词和关系副词)有时可以省略,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。1.关系代词作宾语时的省略:当关系代词who,whom,which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。Isthereanything(that/which)youwanted?注意:当先行词为all,much,little以及不定代词anything,something,everything等时,关系代词多用thatWhoistheman(that/who/whom)youweretalkingto?Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.注意:当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词theonly,thevery,all,every,any,no等时,关系代词一般都用that2.关系代词作表语时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时,可以省略。Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.3.关系代词作宾补时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时,可以省略。I’mnotthemadman(that)youthoughtme.that做宾补4.关系副词when的省略：用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day,year,time等少数几个词后可以省略,也可换成thatThatwastheyear(when/that)Ifirstwentabroad.I’llneverforgettheday(when/that)wemet.5.关系副词where的省略：用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere少数几个词后时才可以省略,也可换成thatThisistheplace(where/that)theymetyesterday.Haveyoumetsomewhere(that)Icanliedownforanhour?6.关系副词why的省略:关系副词why通常只用于thereason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成that或forwhich,均可省略。That’sthereason(why/forwhich/that)hecame.关系副词的特点:关系副词用于引出定语从句,英语的关系副词主要有when,where,why三个。Sundayistheday(when/that)veryfewpeoplegotowork.That’sthereason(why/forwhich/that)hedislikesme.Doyouknowashopwhere/thatIcanfindsandals?注意：关系副词用于引出定语从句,且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。使用关系副词应注意的几点：1.how不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于theway后表示方式:Thisisthewayhowhespoke.(wrong)Thisishowhespoke./Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hespoke.(right)Thisisthewaythathesolvedtheproblem.=Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用forwhichreason)3.引导定语从句时,when的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是thereason),但是反过来却不一定Don’tforgetthetime(that)I’vetoldyou.做宾语Doyouknowthehouse(that)heboughtrecently?做宾语Pleasetellmethereason(that)youknow.做宾语关系代词引导的定语从句who,whom,which,that,whose在句中必做成分1)who,whom,that指人,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语可省略Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?做主语Heistheman(whom/that)Isawyesterday.做宾语2)which,that指物,在句中做主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.做主语Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.做宾语3)whose表所属关系,指人或物。指物可与ofwhich互换,指人可与ofwhom互换Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanofwhomthecarhadbrokendown.=Theyrushedovertohelpthemanthecarofwhomhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.=Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.=Pleasepassmethebookofwhichthecoverisgreen.关系副词引导的定语从句when,where,why1)区别:及物动词后面无宾语,用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词Thisistheplace(where/that)Ilivedonce.where指代theplace充当地点状语Thisistheplace(which/that)Ivisitedonce.which做visit的宾语,可省略I’llneverforgetthedays(which)wespendtogether.which做spend的宾语,可省略I’llneverforgetthedays(when/that)welivetogetherinthecountry.when指代thedays充当时间状语2)关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构,可以互换,口语中可省略Thereareoccasionswhen/thatonemustyield屈服.=Thereareoccasionsonwhichonemustyield.Beijingistheplace(where/that)Iwasborn.=BeijingistheplaceonwhichIwasborn.Isthisthereason(why/that)herefusedouroffer?=Isthisthereasonforwhichherefusedouroffer?3)that代替关系副词:that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和”介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(where/that/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.不能用that的情况1)引导非限制性定语从句时,不能用thatThetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(wrong,应用which)2)介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegotourfood.=Wedependonthelandwhich/thatwegotourfoodfrom.只能用that的情况1)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which2)在不定代词如anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等做先行词时,只用that3)先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that5)先行词即有人,又有物时当先行词是way时,关系副词常常省略。Iappreciatetheway(that)youteachme.That作为关系副词所具备的功能,即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+which。但这种代替是有条件的,主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词,即time(替代when)，place(替代where)，reason(替代why)，way(替代inwhich)，其中time类的词汇最多,包括若干下义词,如hour,evening,summer,year,moment等。大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用,所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。此外,that还可以与speed,distance等先行词连用,此时无法用where代替。在非正式语体中,关系副词that是经常省略的。正是基于这个原因,在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出相关例句,因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。Wemovedheretheyear(that/when)mymotherdied.Istillrememberedthesummer(that)IwalkedaroundParis.ThereasonIcalledwastoaskabouttheplansforSaturday.Therearesomanydeliciouswaysyoucanpreparechicken.Thisistheplace(where)Ilivedfiveyears.Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?Sheknowstheplace(that/where)hestays.Thereisnowhere(that)wecango.Thespeed(that/atwhich)heisdrivingis70milesperhour.Thisistheplace(that)Ispentmychildrenat.=Thisistheplace(that)Ispendmychildhood.前者为关系代词用法,比后者关系副词的用法更为正式Idon’tknowanyplace(that)youcangetabetterexchangerate.如上所述,关系副词that是广泛存在的,并且经常省略。当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致,例如《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为place时,关系副词where也可省略；《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为reason时,关系副词why可以省略。为了便于记忆和理解,我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。Oxforddictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项,但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法(见如上第一个例句)。根据对句子结构的分析,这里的that相当于when或inwhich,不是代词而是副词。个别语法书中提到that代替关系副词when,where,why,how,鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证,且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词,故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。1.when(先行词是time,day,occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略)Atthetime(when)Isawhim,hewasquitestrong.Doyouknowtheyear(when)TheDeclarationofInde