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一.主旨的定义主旨=主题（KW）+方向（正负感情色彩）+关系词（逻辑）一.主旨的定义•Whyyoumaywondershouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld.Theywoulddevourallourcrops,andkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.•Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsect-eaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.一.主旨的定义•“主题”是这段话讲的事物（spiders）•“方向”是该事物是好是坏（friends）•“关系词”是维持或者改变方向的标志（Because、and和Moreover）。二.如何掌握主旨•错误方法：•匀速阅读，精读每个单词和句子•正确方法：•变速阅读，先慢后快二.如何掌握主旨•汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的，喜欢画龙点睛，“Savethebestforthelast”。•英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的，喜欢直入主题，“Saywhatyouwanttosay,thensaywhy”。•70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句二.如何掌握主旨变速阅读：•精读首句（把握首句的“主题”和“方向”）•浏览全段（把握全段的“关系词”），二.如何掌握主旨•Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;二.如何掌握主旨•andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.二.如何掌握主旨精读首句：•主题是“environmentalimpacts”•方向是“damaging”（负向）浏览全段•关系词：Forexample及四个并列的分句维持着首句的方向。•主旨：“环境影响是破坏性的”二.如何掌握主旨•Dramaissometimesseenasabranchofliteraturebecauseplays，likeliterature,areoftenprintedinbookform.However,thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoforms.Unlikeanovel，aplayiswrittentobeperformed,andthescriptofaplayisnotafinishedwork；itisanoutlineforaperformance.二.如何掌握主旨•Thephysicalproductionoftheplay--thescenery,lighting，andcostumes--willaffecttheperformance,andsowilltheactors.Howtheactorsinterprettheirrolesgreatlyinfluencestheplay’seffectontheaudience.二.如何掌握主旨精读首句：•主题是“drama”和“literature”•方向是“abranch”•主旨是“戏剧与文学的相同点”•因果关系词because和类比关系词like都是维持方向的。二.如何掌握主旨浏览全段：•转折关系词：However和unlike说明方向发生了改变•主旨：“戏剧与文学是不同的”。（第二句）二.如何掌握主旨•Mother,whowantedtokeepher,alwaysthoughtsofherassomewildlittlebird,butIknewshewasahomingpigeon.Iknewthatatsomepointinherflightpath,soonerorlater,shewouldmakeaU-turn.Asortofhumanboomerang.二.如何掌握主旨•SoeventhoughIhadlongsincestoppedexpectingit,IwasnotsurprisedwhenIwalkeddownthegraveldrivetothemailbox,whichI’dpaintedpapayayellowtoattractgoodnews,andfoundtheflimsyenvelopewiththeDallaspostmark.主旨题•1.内容性主旨题•2.目的性主旨题内容性主旨题如果文章有明显主题句，则对其作同义替换•新老观点对比型：新观点为主题句•现象解释型：正确解释为主题句•问题解决型：正确的解决方法为主题句•结论解释型：开头的结论为主题句内容性主旨题如果无明确的主题句，则使用三出现原则。•1.KW必须出现•2.细节不能出现•3.新内容（文中未提到）不能出现新老观点对比型(468)•Traditionally,manufacturershaven’thadtoworryaboutwhathappenstoaproductafteritleavestheirgates.Butthatisstartingtochange,thankstolawsnowinthewingsinEurope(andheadedfortheUnitedStates)thatwillrequirecompaniestotakebacktheirdurablegoodssuchasrefrigerators,washers,andcarsattheendoftheirusefullives.新老观点对比型(468)•InGermany,thetake-backlawsstartwiththeinitialsale.Companiesmusttakebackalltheirpackagingorhiremiddlementodotherecycling.Take-backlawsmeanthatmanufacturerswhohavebeensaying,“Thisproductcanberecycled,”mustnowsay,“Werecycleourproductsandpackaging.”现象解释型(472)•ResearchershavesuggestedmanyscenariosfortheMartianapocalypse.SomehaveproposedthatthesungraduallywhittledawayMars’atmospherewithitswindofchargedparticles.Othershavehypothesizedthattheplanetitselfabsorbedmostofitsatmosphere,turningcarbondioxideintocarbonaterocks.现象解释型(472)•Forthepastsevenyears,however,AnnVickeryandJayMelosh,twoplanetaryscientistsfromtheUniversityofArizona,havebeenexploringafarmorespectacularending:mostofMars’atmosphere,theysuggest,wasblastedawaybyasuccessionofasteroidsandcomets.结论解释型(186)•Theremarkablethingaboutdinosaursisnotthattheybecameextinct,butthattheydominatedtheearthforsolong.Dinosaursheldswayfor100millionyearswhilemammals,allthewhile,livedassmallanimalsintheintersticesoftheirworld.After70millionyearsontop,wemammalshaveanexcellenttrackrecordandgoodprospectsforthefuture,butwehaveyettodisplaythestayingpowerofdinosaurs.问题解决型(181)•“Yougoingtoinvitethemhere?”…•“Ihaven’tthoughtthatfar”Isaid.•“Don’tputitoff”…•…•“Maybeyou’reworriedshe’llbedisappointedinyou…Butyoudon’thaveto…You’reherflesh-and-bloodmotherandthat’senough.”目的性主旨题•注意：新老观点对比型•又破又立，以立为主全文主旨•读各段首句+末段末句•注意把握KW，逻辑关系词（but,however），感情色彩（adj.正，负）•184-21,322-11,467-2•324-21,469-13,472-31,473-35