论文摘要写作注意要点Abstract-writing

AbstractWritingDefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwritingDifferencebetweensummaryandabstractAbstractAnabstractisactuallythefirstsectionofareport,comingafterthetitleandbeforetheintroduction.Itprovidesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofyourstudybasedoninformationfromtheothersectionsofthereport.Itisahighlycondensedandfactualsummaryofthefullpaper.Manyreadersdependontheabstracttogivethemenoughinformationaboutthestudytodecideiftheywillreadtheentirereportornot.Theabstractisdirectedtotwogroupsofreaders:•Potentialreadersofthemainarticleorthesiswhousetheabstracttodecidewhetherornottoreadthemainarticle.Suchreadersarelikelytobeinthesamefieldasthewriter.•Readersworkinginfieldssuchasclassification,editing,orlibrarywork,whousetheabstracttodecidehowtocatalogueorpublishthemainwork.Suchreadersarenotlikelytobeinthesamefieldasthewriter.Theabstractshouldmeettheneedsofbothgroupsofreaders.Abstractsmaybepublishedinlistsofabstracts,eitherinpaperformatoron-line.Accordingly,theabstractshouldbewrittentofacilitateeasysearchingmanuallyorelectronically.AbstractAnabstractisashortsummaryofyourcompletedresearch.Ifdonewell,itmakesthereaderwanttolearnmoreaboutyourresearch.Itisacondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthat1.highlightsthemajorpointscovered，2.conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting，3.andreviewsthewriting’scontentinabbreviatedform．(正文的浓缩,突出要点,简单描述,回顾)Anabstractshouldbe:clear,grammaticallyaccurate,exact,andstylisticallyuniform(文体统一)impersonalandnoncritical(客观公正)forageneralacademicpaper，itisusu.about100to250wordsinlength．presentorpasttense．thirdpersonshouldbeusedGeneralfunctionsofabstract1.Itframesthewriter’sideasforreaders2.Identifiesthewriter’scontributionforreadersThesignificanceofanabstractAbstract（摘要）——使读者对于本研究工作有一简短的大致了解（Preview）虽然置于文章开头（正文之前），但写作时通常是最后写。因为只有在全文完成后，才能进行总结提炼其主要内容。Awell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,1979b).TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.TheAbstractshould(1)statetheprincipalobjectives/purposeandscopeoftheinvestigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.Q:Whatisn’tanabstract?extractsfromyourpaper–itmuststandalone.ItisNOT:anintroduction–itspurposeistosummarizenotintroduceaplantowhichyourpaperiswritten–itiswrittenlasttosummarizewhatyourpapercontains.TypesofAbstracts:1.Descriptiveabstracts2.Informativeabstracts1).DescriptiveAbstracts:Merelydescribeswhatthereportisabout．Nospecificinformationabouttheproblem,method,results，orconclusions(thusnotveryusefultomanyreaders).2).InformativeAbstracts1.Itgivessomespecificinformationabouttheproblem，method，results，orconclusions．2.Italsogivesreadersspecificinformationwhichwouldtellthem：(i)whattheyneedtoknowaboutthearticleanditsresultsor(ii)iftheyreallyneedtogetthearticletoinspectitscontentsmoreclosely．一般性摘要包括部分及其排列次序B=Somebackgroundinformation一些基本背景知识P=Principalactivity/purposeofthestudyanditsscope本研究主要内容/目的及其范围M=Someinformationaboutthemethodologyusedinthestudy关于本研究所采用的一些（试验）方法R=Themostimportantresultsofthestudy最重要的研究结果C=Astatementofconclusionorrecommendation结论/意义SuggestionsonWritingInformativeAbstracts1.thefollowingparts：1)purposeandobjectives2)methods(materials,procedures),3)results(data,observations,discussion)4)conclusionandrecommendationBackground/problemstatement/objectives:Whydowecareabouttheproblem?Whatpractical,scientific,theoreticalorartisticgapisyourresearchfilling?PartsofanAbstractBackground:Iftheproblemisn'tobviouslyinterestingitmightbebettertoputmotivationfirst;butifyourworkisincrementalprogressonaproblemthatiswidelyrecognizedasimportant,thenitisprobablybettertoputtheproblemstatementfirsttoindicatewhichpieceofthelargerproblemyouarebreakingofftoworkon.Thissectionshouldincludetheimportanceofyourwork,thedifficultyofthearea,andtheimpactitmighthaveifsuccessful.Checklist:PartsofanAbstractProblemstatement:Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?Whatisthescopeofyourwork?Insomecasesitisappropriatetoputtheproblemstatementbeforethemotivation,butusuallythisonlyworksifmostreadersalreadyunderstandwhytheproblemisimportant.Byansweringthequestionof“what”,thefirstpartalwaysgoesstraightforwardlytothesubjectortheproblemandindicatetheprimaryobjectivesofthepaper.1.摘要的起首句：直接式起首句，开门见山说明论文主题常用五种句型：摘要写作：（1）主语（说明文章性质的名词）＋谓语（主动谓语）＋宾语或其它成份ThisArticlePaperthesisstudyworkdealswithDiscussesIntroducesInvesti