搜索
InternationalBusinessExaminationpoints•Termstranslation10*2'=20'•Judgeandcorrect8*3'=24'•Paragraphstranslation2*6'=12'•Multiplechoices6*2'=12'•Essayquestions10'+10'+12'=32'Internationalbusiness:consistsoftransactionsthataredevisedandcarriedoutacrossnationalborderstosatisfytheobjectivesofindividuals,andcompanies,andorganizations.国际商务包括一切为满足组织和个人需求而跨越国界进行的交易活动。Globalization:theprocessbywhichevents,activities,anddecisionsinonepartoftheworldhavesignificantconsequencesforcommunitiesindistantpartsoftheglobe.moderncauses:1)Transportationtechnology2)Globalmediasourcing3)Declineintradebarriers4)MultiNationalCorporations5)Communicationtechnology/InternetDebateonGlobalization•Pros:promoteeconomicdevelopmentcreatejobs,increaseemploymentandincomedistributetechnologyandideaslowerpricesforgoodsandservicesimproveproductivity•Cons:widenthegapbetweentherichandthepoorenvironmentaldegradationcultureattackthreatofsovereignityTerms•FDI:ForeignDirectInvestment外商直接投资•GATT：GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade关贸总协定•WTO:WorldTradeOrganization世界贸易组织•IMF:InternationalMonetaryFund国际货币基金组织•WB:WorldBank世界银行•UN:UnitedNations联合国•multinationalenterprises/corperations跨国公司•marketsaturation市场饱和•sourcingpolicy采购政策•cooperativeagreement合作性协议•globalorientation全球定位Culture：anintegratedsystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternsthatarecharacteristicofthemembersofanygivensociety.Cultureisinherentlyconservative,resistingchange,andfosteringcontinuity.文化是由特定社会成员所独有的行为模式形成的综合体系。它在本质上是稳定的，排斥变革并具有连续性。Acculturation---adjustingandadaptingtoaspecificcultureotherthanone’sown---isoneofthekeystosuccessininternationaloperations.文化适应---对自身进行调节以适应不同文化---是国际化经营取得成功的关键要素之一。ElementsofCulture•language:verbalandnonverbal口头/非口头语言•religion宗教•valuesandattitude价值观和态度•education教育•mannersandcustoms风俗习惯•Languagecanbeseenasverballanguageandnonverballanguage,thatmeansMessagesareconveyedbythewordsused,byhowthewordsarespoken(eg.Toneofvoice).Andthroughnonverbalmeanssuchasgestures,bodyposition,andeyecontract•verbalLanguagecapabilityservesthreedistinctrolesinbusinessenvironment:Languageisimportantininformationgatheringandevaluation.语言在信息的收集、评价方面具有重要作用Languageprovidesaccesstolocalsociety.语言提供了一个了解社会的入口Languagecapabilityisincreasinglyimportantincompanycommunications,whetherwithinthecorporatefamilyorwithchannelmembers.无论是在企业内部，还是与外部企业沟通方面，语言表达能力在公司交流方面作用都非常关键TheculturaldiversityinnonverbalcommunicationcanbeshowninTimeZones,Space,MaterialWealth,Friends-makingWays,CommercialCustomsandalsointhewaypeoplegreeteachother.Religion:Christianity:CatholicismandProtestanitism---wealthIslam:anti-exploitationandagainstracialdiscriminationHindulism:familyandcastesystem等级制度Buddhism:spiritualdetachment,notmaterialcomfortConfucianism:loyaltyandfriendliness•Valuesaresharedbeliefsorgroupnormsthathavebeeninternalizedbyindividual.价值观是共同的信仰或指导人们行为的内在准则。•Attitudesareevaluationsofalternativesbasedonthesevalues.态度是对建立在这些价值观基础上各种行为方式的评价。•High-contextcultures:contextisatleastasimportantaswhatisactuallysaid.Thespeakerandthelistenerrelyonacommonunderstandingofthecontext.高背景文化：一个问题背景的重要性不亚于问题本身。对话双方的交流建立在对文化背景共同理解的基础上。•Low-contextcultures:mostoftheinformationiscontainedexplicitlyinthewords.低背景文化：大多数信息通过明确语言加以描述。Culturallifestylecanbeexplainedbyfourdimensions：•Individualism个人主义倾向•PowerDistance权力距离•UncertaintyAvoidance不确定性回避•Masculinity大男子主义倾向CulturalValuescanbeexplainedbythefollowing5dimensions：•Universalismvsparticularism普通与特殊•Neutralvsaffectiverelationships中立与表现•Specificvsdiffuserelationships特定与分散•Achievementvsascription成就与归属•Locusofcontrol控制中心MinimizingCulturalClash文化冲突•LearnOtherCultures•AvoidEthnocentrism民族优越感•Don’tstricttoanyabsolutes•BeopentoacceptCulturalShock文化冲击•BePracticalandRealistic•BeAdventurouswithPatience•culturalconvergence文化趋同•culturalassimilator文化同化•socialstratification社会阶层•referencegroups参考团体•self-referencecriterion自我参考准则overviewofthetradetheory•TheTheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage绝对优势理论•TheTheoryofComparativeAdvantage比较优势理论•TheTheoryofFactorProportions要素禀赋理论•ProductCycleTheory产品周期理论•ImperfectMarketsandTradeTheory不完全竞争市场与贸易理论•Krugman’sEconomicsofScale克鲁格曼的规模经济论•Porter’sNationalAdvantage波特的国家竞争力理论Absoluteadvantage绝对优势•AbsoluteAdvantage:somecountriesowingtotheskillsoftheirworkersorthequalityoftheirnaturalresources,couldproducethesameproductsasotherswithfewerlaborhours.在某些国家，由于工人技能水平和自然资源质量的不同，是这个国家可以在更短的劳动时间内创造出同样数量的产品。•AlthoughSmith’sworkwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofeconomictheoriesabouttradeandproduction,itdidnotanswersomefundamentalquestionsabouttrade.Smith’stradereliedonacountrypossessingabsoluteadvantageproduction,butdidn’texplainwhatgaverisetotheproductionadvantages;斯密的理论建立在一个国家拥有生产的绝对优势上，但未解释是什么原因形成了这种生产优势secondifacountrydidn’tpossesabsoluteadvantageinanyproduct,couldittrade?若一国在任何一种产品生产中都不具有绝对优势，它是否还能进行贸易。Comparativeadvantage比较优势DavidRicardo,publishedOnthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxationin1819大卫李嘉图《政治经济与税收原理》ComparativeAdvantage:evenifacountrypossessedabsoluteadvantageintheproductionoftwoproducts,itstillmustberelativelymoreefficientthantheothercountryinonegood’sproductionthantheother.•即使一国在两种产品上