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Post-Colonialism(EdwardSaid,GayatriSpivak,HomiBarba)Contents•WhatisPostcolonialism?•SaidandhisOrientalism•TextualAnalysis:GreatExpectationThePaintedVeil•ConclusionWhatiscolonialism?•Colonialism:onecountry’sdominationofanothercountryorpeople—usuallyachievedthroughaggressive,oftenmilitary,actions—andtheterritoryacquiredinthismanner.•“殖民主义首先是指帝国主义国家从经济上与政治上对殖民地国家进行的侵略；但同时它还体现为意识形态上和文化上的侵略，即殖民者将自己的世界观、价值观渗透到殖民统治中去，迫使殖民地人民接受。”•“马克思、恩格斯曾指出，“欧洲殖民主义的一个最显著的特征就是迫使所有殖民地采纳资本主义生产方式，进而接受资本主义文明”。Post-colonialism/postcolonialism/PostColonialStudies•Post-:after(postcolonialcriticismdidn’tbecomeamajorforceinliterarystudiesuntiltheearly1990’s.•Post:resistanceorcontestationorcritiquing(theculturalanalysisofcolonialismbeganwhencolonialregimesbegantotoppleafterWWII.•Asabranchofhumanities,itdenotesacollectionof“theoreticalandcriticalstrategiesusedtoexaminetheculture(literary,politicsandhistory)offormercoloniesoftheEuropeanempires,andtheirrelationtotherestoftheworld.•Thecriticalanalysisofthehistory,culture,literature,andmodesofdiscoursesthatarespecifictotheformercoloniesofEngland,Spain,France,andotherEuropeanimperialpowers.ThesestudieshavefocusedespeciallyontheThirdWorldcountriesinAfrica,Asia,theCaribbeanislands,andsouthAmerica.Post-colonialism/postcolonialism/PostColonialStudiesPost-colonialism/PostColonialStudies:ScopeofTheoreticalInquiries•Generallyspeaking,post-colonialstudiescoversatleastfourdistinctareas:1.imperialculture;2.culturesofthecolonized;3.culturesofresistancethatopposedimperialism4.relationshipbetweenFirstWorldmetropolitanandThirdWorldperipheralculturesPost-ColonialismandLiterature重点关注殖民地作家的作品：宗主国给殖民地人民带来的经济上的灾难，社会的纷争和文化上的“殖民”。英美文学中的“经典”，帝国中心-殖民属地的关系。全球化语境中文化身份定位问题：亚裔美国文学/华裔美国文学(白人中心的文化和少数族裔的关系构成了内部文化殖民的现象）。第三世界妇女文学：他们如何深受种族歧视和男性统治的“双重”压迫。文化研究中的“后殖民”视角：西方文化实践中的“东方化”现象和内化了“东方主义”的东方文化人的艺术实践。EdwardSaid’andhisOrientalismEdwardSaid•APalestinian-Americanliterarytheorist•B.A.fromPrinceton,A.M.andPh.D.ofHarvard,thefirsttointroducecontemporaryEuropeancriticaltheoryintoAmericanacademy,teachesatColumbiaU.•hisinternationalprestigecomesfromhispositionasapost-colonialcritic.Orientalism(1978),whichmarksamajorshiftfromthepurelyliteraryto“TheWorld,theTextandtheCritic”WhatisOrientalism?Orientalismisanacademicdisciplineorcorporateinstitution,butbasicallyitisthewaythecolonizerthinksabout,talksaboutandrepresentsthecolonized,basedonadivisionoftwoparts(WestandEast)ingeneralterms(despotism专制独裁/democracy民主制,sensuality好色淫荡/self-control自制,mystical神秘的/sensible明白的,intrigue阴谋/straightforwardness率真,etc.)WhatisOrientalism?•Anyonewhoteaches,writesabout,orresearchestheOrient--andthisapplieswhetherthepersonisananthropologist,sociologist,historian,orphilologist--eitherinitsspecificoritsgeneralaspects,isanOrientalist,andwhatheorshedoesisOrientalism.•Orientalismisastyleofthoughtbaseduponanontologicalandepistemologicaldistinctionmadebetween“theOrient”and(mostofthetime)“theOccident.‘’:poets,novelists,philosophers,politicaltheorists,economists,andimperialadministrators,haveacceptedthebasicdistinctionbetweenEastandWest…”•Orientalismissomethingmorehistoricallyandmateriallydefinedthaneitheroftheothertwo.….Inshort,OrientalismasaWesternstylefordominating,restructuring,andhavingauthorityovertheOrient.Orientalism•TheOrientwasalmostaEuropeaninvention,andhadbeensinceantiquityaplaceofromance（充满神奇的地方）,exoticbeings（马可波罗),hauntingmemories（忽必烈的蒙古大军）andlandscapes(东方的景观),remarkableexperiences.”Orientalism•OrientalismreferstotheOrientandtheOccident:theEast/Westbinary.•SaidarguedthattheOccidentcouldnotexistwithouttheOrient,andviceversa.Inotherwords,theyaremutuallyconstitutive.•Notably,theconceptofthe‘East’istheOrient,wascreatedbythe‘West’,suppressingtheabilityofthe‘Orient’toexpressthemselves.•Westerndepictionsofthe‘Orient’constructaninferiorworld,aplaceofbackwardness,irrationality,andwildness.Thisallowedthe‘West’toidentifythemselvesastheoppositeofthesecharacteristics;asasuperiorworldthatwasprogressive,rational,andcivil.Orientalism•Theimaginaryorientcanvalidatethewestern“theother”.Acontrastderivesfromtheneedtocreate“difference”betweenWestandEast,whichcanbeattributedtoimmutable“essences”intheorientalmake-up.Saidarguesthattheseattitudesstillpermeatesthewesternmediaandacademia.•EdwardSaidinhiscontroversialbookOrientalism,usesthetermtodescribeapervasiveWesterntradition,bothacademicandartisticofprejudicedoutsiderinterpretationsoftheEast,shapedbytheattitudesofEuropeanimperialisminthe18thand19thcenturies.BinaryOppositionsDiagram:DeconstructingtheCenterTheOccidentTheOrient文明的，理性的，先进的，基督教的，强大的/神秘的，落后的，迷信的，异教的，柔懦的TheOccident/TheOrientDualism•Occident—Orient(西方)(东方)•Strong—Weak(强壮)(弱小)•Self—Other(自我)(他者)TheOccidental/TheOrient•ThustheChineseortheArabsaredefinedascruel,sneaky,evil,cunning,dishonest,giventosexualpromiscuityandperversion,andthelike.•Citizensofthewestthendefinethemselves,incontrasttotheimaginary‘oriental”theyhavecreated,askind,straightforward,good,upright,honest,andmoral.Self/theother•Thecolonizerssawthemselvesathecenteroftheworld;thecolonizedwereatthemargins.Thecolonizer