3.-The-whole-writing-process

FindingYourFocus:TheWritingProcessWritingprocessInventionCollectionOrganizationDraftingRevisingProofreadingInvention:comingupwithyourtopicBrainstorming:•GettingyourideasonpapersoyoucangiveyourselfthewidestrangeoftopicspossibleBrainstorming:comingupwithideasthatinterestyouListing:BrainstormingcomputerSchoolchildrenPositiveeffectsNegativeeffectsphysicalmentalClustering:mappingoutideasIlliterate（文盲，无知）ToodependentandlesscreativeisolationLivelyandentertainingmultimediaUnhealthyinformationsuchaspornographyandviolencementalClustering:mappingoutideasBackpainLackofexerciseObesity（肥胖）ExposuretoradiationShort-sightnessphysicalOneshouldnotbeginwritingacompositionwithoutsufficientpreparation.Awritershouldworkoutaplanandcollectenoughmaterialbeforehewritesthefirstsentenceofhiscomposition.collectionWhenatopicisassigned,thewritershoulddothefollowingthings:Trytothinkofasmanyrelevantfactsasonecanandwritethemdownonapieceofpaper(withoutcaringabouttheformandorderoftheitems);Trytofindaproperthesisortheme(themainpointorthecentralidea);Drawtheconclusionfromthefactstobepresentedinthecomposition.Lookatthelistoffactsagain,eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones,rearrangetheminalogicalorder,andthenwriteanoutline.Organizing:puttinginformationinanoutlineAnoutlinesubdividestheconcentratedideaorthesisoftheessayintosmallerparts,whicharethendevelopedintoseparateparagraphs.Textbook:Page42.RomanandArabicnumeralsandlettersofthealphabetaregenerallyusedtothenumberandorderideas.Topic:…Thesis(theconcentratedidea)I.Introduction(leadingtothetopicstatement)II.MainideaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetaila.Fact1b.Fact2III.MainideaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail3.SupportingdetailC.Sub-ideaIV.ConclusionYoucanalsorefertoyourtextbook,page42.TypesofoutlineThetopicoutline:allentriesconsistofnounsandtheirmodifiers,ortheirequivalents,thatis,gerundsphraseandinfinitivephrase.Itisbriefandclear,anditgivesaninstantoverviewoftheentirepaper.Thesentenceoutline:allentriesarecompletesentences.Itprovidesamoredetailedplanofthepaper.Rulesforwritingoutline（1）Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“I”,theremustbeatleastanothermarked“II”;ifthereisan“A”,theremustbea“B”,andsoon.（2）Avoidmixingtypes.Atopicoutlineiswritinginnounphrases,andasentenceoutlineinsentences.Donotmixthesetwotypes.（3）Useparallelstructurefortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesuresubheadsofthesamerankareofequalimportanceandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinthelogicalorder.（4）Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentclause.Sampleinpage43.DraftingGiveyourselfampletimetoworkonyourproject.Findacomfortableplacetodoyourwriting.Avoiddistractions.Takebreaks.Mostprobablythewriterwillmeetwithdifficultiesintheprocessofwritingandfinditslowandtiringwork.Heneednotbedisappointed,though.Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraft,inwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfurthercorrectionandimprovements.Revising:reviewingideasReviewhigher-orderconcerns:•Clearcommunicationofideas•Organizationofpaper•Paragraphstructure•StrongintroductionandconclusionWhenawriteriswritingthefirstdraft,hisattentionisfocusedonturninghisideasintowords.Itwillbeonlynaturalthatsomeofhissentencesarenotverywellformedandsomeofhiswordsnotverychosen.Itisalsopossiblethatwholeparagraphsarenotproperlyorganized.Atplaceshemaymakegrammaticalorspellingmistakes.Revision,therefore,isabsolutelynecessary.Oneshouldreviseacompositionformthefollowingaspects:content,organization,sentencesanddiction,etc.ContentI.Content:Lookattheessayasawhole.A.Whatisthethesisoftheessay?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Ifthelogicsound?Aretheregapsinthelogic?Organization15378246TopicsentenceConcludingsentenceR1R3R2AcompletesentenceneithertoowidenortoonarrowgeneraldetailedRestatementofthetopicandsummaryofthereasonsexamplesdata,factscauseandeffectII.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial.A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessay’smainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangesinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?LanguageIII.SentencesA.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentence?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?IV.DictionA.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.AretherecollocationwhichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?leadtoNoonecandenythefactthattakepartinsuc