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Chapter2InternationalSupplyChainManagementHistoricalDevelopment上海海事大学高洁Theearly“slow”daysThemovetowardspeedCustomersatisfactionAstrategicadvantageTheEarly,“Slow”Days•ThefirstinternationallogisticiansweretradersontheSilkRoad,awell-traveledtraderoute,inuseforover3,000years,stretchingfromEuropetoAsiaandpassingthroughtheMiddleEast.•Earlymodernlogisticianswereconcernedprimarilywithensuringgoodsarrivedattheirdestinationingoodconditionandatthelowestpossiblecost.上海海事大学高洁TheEarly,“Slow”Days•Military•Theactivitiesrelatedtotheprocurementofammunitionsandessentialsuppliestotroopslocatedatthefront.•“Physicaldistribution”•Shawexpandtheconceptbyincorporatingitintotheremainderofdistributionactivities,suchasinventoryandtheselectionofdistributionintermediaries.上海海事大学高洁arithmetikeTheartofcalculatingusingabstractconceptslogistikeTheartofcalculatingusingconcreteitems•theGreekEvolutionof“logistics”arithmeticalgebralogisticsTheEarly,“Slow”Days•Modernlogistics–alltheactivitiesrelatedtothephysicalmovementofgoods,bothupstream(procurement)anddownstream(sales)activities–themanagementoftherelationshipswithsuppliersandcustomers上海海事大学高洁Evolutionof“logistics”TheEarly,“Slow”Days上海海事大学高洁Goodsarrivedattheirdestinationingoodconditionandatthelowestpossiblecost.ShortertransittimesLongtransittimesShortertransittimesFocusof“logistics”TheMoveTowardSpeed•Eventhoughtheywereintroducedin1956,containershadalimitedimpactoninternationaltradeuntiltheearly1970s.•Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,internationallogisticssawanexplosioninthenumberofairshipments.上海海事大学高洁TheEmphasisonCustomerSatisfaction•Bytheearly1990s,logisticsmanagersbegantoconsidertheshortestreasonabletransittimeinresponsetocustomers'requestsforspeedydeliveries.•Themanagers'focushadshiftedfromtheseprocess-orientedconcernstothesatisfactionofcustomers'requirements.–Themajorreason:theincreasedfocusbylargemanufacturersonthereductionofinventoriesduringthe1980s.上海海事大学高洁TheEmphasisonCustomerSatisfaction•Tools:–MaterialsRequirementPlanning(MRP)–ManufacturingResourcesPlanning(MRPII)–Just-in-time(JIT)–DistributionResourcesPlanning(DRP)–Point-of-sale(POS)上海海事大学高洁Interestratesclimbedlargemanufacturersemphasizedreductionsin“static”inventoriesTheyshiftedattentionsto“mobile”inventoriesJust-in-timeTechniques•Just-in-timemanufacturingisaprocessthatplansforpartstoarriveontheassemblylinejustbeforetheyareneeded.Thegoalofthistechniqueistoreduceoreliminatetheneedforinventory.•Itnowincludesthedeliveryofpartstotheassemblyplantjustbeforetheyareneeded,andthedeliveryoffinishedgoodsjustastheretailstoreisrunningout.•JIThasbecomepartofstandardoperationsmanagementpracticesinmostmanufacturingfacilities.•JITinvolvesariskifthesupplychainisdisruptedasproductionmayhavetoshutdownduetolackofmaterials.上海海事大学高洁Computer-BasedTools•MaterialsRequirementPlanning(MRP)andManufacturingResourcesPlanning(MRPII)aretoolsthatallowmanufacturingfirmstodeterminewhattoproduce(ororderfromsuppliers),andinwhichquantity,infunctionoftheirsalesforecastsandpendingcustomerorders.•DistributionResourcesPlanning(DRP)isatoolthatallowsaretailfirmtodeterminewhattoorderfromitssuppliers,inwhichquantity,andwhen,infunctionofwhatitsellstoretailcustomers.•Thesetoolsaredependentonthereliable,efficientdeliveryofrelativelysmallshipments.上海海事大学高洁Thetransformationintoastrategicadvantage上海海事大学高洁•Integrationoflogisticsintosupplychainmanagement1990s•ThemanagementofthesupplychainasastrategictoolEarly2000s•Logisticsbecomeameansbywhichcorporationssoughtacompetitiveadvantage•ThecreationofthepositionofChiefSupplyChainOfficerBythe2010sCSCO(ChiefSupplyChainOfficer)•一家制造企业的CSCO需要负责的工作包括：–供应商评估，供应商选择，采购，配送中心的布局设计，仓储及物流服务商选择，内部仓储及物流团队的建设，管理以及日常运作，生产线旁作业管理，原材料库存成本管理等。•需要参与的工作包括：–市场分析及销售预测，成品库存管理，生产计划制定，产品BOM管理，厂区选址等上海海事大学高洁Sixgreatestchallengesfacedbycompaniesinvolvedininternationaltrade:•Costcontainment(控制)–fuel,flexibility•“Visibility”tothesupplychain•Riskmanagement–currencyfluctuations,transportationrisks,productrecalls,tightshippingschedules,andreducedinventorylevels•Increasingcustomerdemands–deliveryperformance,informationavailability,andlevelsofservice•Globalizationoftheeconomy•Sustainabilityefforts–affectproductandpackagingdesigns,transportationchoices,andsupplierselections-Source:ThesmarterSupplyChainoftheFuture;GlobalChiefSupplyChainOfficerStudy,January2009,IBMGlobalServices,Route100,Somers,NY10589上海海事大学高洁DefinitionsofLogistics•Logisticsisthatpartofthesupplychainprocessthatplans,implements,andcontrolstheefficient,effectiveforwardandreverseflowandstorageofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationbetweenthepointoforiginandthepointofconsumptioninordertomeetcustomers'requirements.•Source:CouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals上海海事大学高洁TheEvolutionofLogistics上海海事大学高洁EvolutionandDevelopmentofConceptofLogisticsPD/LogisticsPDLogisticsSCMMF并存PDLogisticsPDLogisticsLogisticsLogisticsLogisticsSCMSCMSCMMFMFMF演化结构20世纪初50年代中期80年代中期90年代中期21世纪初未来演化阶段不明显的特征次要特征主要特征Materialflow资料来源：索海尔·乔德利,侯汉平,李令遐.物流理论演化的历史考证与最新发展.北京交通大学学报(社会科学版).9:1,2010上海海事大学高洁Logisticsandsomerelatedconcepts来源或过程翻译英文原文PhysicalDistribut