高级英语修辞手法

AdvancedEnglish(1)陈倩[e-mail].12,2014:1.courseexplain&courserequirement2.paraphrase3.figuresofspeechForthiscourse,youaresupposedto:learnnewwordsandexpressions;learntoanalysegrammaticallycomplicatedsentences;learntoidentifydifferentfiguresofspeech;learntoparaphrase;learntosummarize;learntoquery.Classmanagement:6-8periodsofclassareallotedtoeachunit;Foreverytwoorfourperiods,therewillbeassignmentforyou;throughoutthesemestereachstudentwillbenamedatleasttwicetopresenthis/herpreparationfortheassignmentonstage.Andhis/herperformancewillbeassessedandcountedintothefinalscore.Assignmentcanbe:exercises(reviewcheck)textrecitationwordsandexpressionsdictationpresentationofyourhomework(overatopic,aquestion,etc.)ParaphraseWhatisa“paraphrase”?“there-expressionofsthwrittenorsaidindifferentwords,esp.wordsthatareeasiertounderstand”——Longman’sDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishItwouldthereforebeinadvisableto:sticktotheoriginalstructureandchangeonlyawordortwo;keeptheimpliedmeaningundersurface;remainafigureofspeechintheparaphrase;maketheparaphraseevenmoreobscurethantheoriginal.Howdoweparaphrase?Nowtakealookat:Theoriginalpassage:Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationsintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Version1:Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes,resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonly10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmateiral.Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.Version2:Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedwordbyword.FiguresofspeechWordsareeitherliteralorfigurativeLiteral原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative比喻义Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader’sorlistener’smindareusedfiguratively.colourfulIn“acolourfulgarden”in“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”ThemostcommonfiguresofspeechSimile直喻Metaphor暗喻What’sthedifference?“Heranquicklydownthestreet.”“Heranlikeaharedownthestreet.”“Hehareddownthestreet.”SimileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedastheyseemsimilarinaway.Thiskindofcomparisonisnormallyintroducedby“like”or“as”.Summarizeit:Awayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingitwithsthelseusing“as”or“like”E.g.Helooksverymuchlikehisbrother.Herunslikearabbit.MetaphorAfigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattribute（属性）ofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.Thetermisoftenlooselydefinedas“animpliedcomparison”,“asimilewithout‘like’or‘as’”.E.g.Lifeisayo-yo.It'saseriesofupsanddowns.Thetownwasstormedafteralongsiege.PersonificationThisinvolvesturninganobject–eitherinanimate（无生命的）ornatural–intoahumanoranimalform,withhumanoranimalactionsandfeelings.Metonymy借代Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereaders’mind.ExampleofmetonymyIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnottalkingaboutthebuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.Thepenismightier（强而有力的）thanthesword.Grayhairsshouldberespected.Synecdoche（提喻：是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。)Afigurebywhichamorecomprehensivetermisusedforalesscomprehensiveorviceversâ;aswholeforpartorpartforwhole,genus（类，种；属）forspeciesorspeciesforgenus,etc.Note:Synecdochecaneasilybemistakenformetonymy.ExampleofsynedocheIfIhadsomewheels,I'dputonmybestthreadsandaskforJane'shandinmarriage.Thearmyincludedtwohundredhorseandthreehundredfoot.Itissurehardtoearnadollarthesedays.Comparisonbetweensynecdoche&metonymy:Youcan'tfightcityhall.Thislandbelongstothecrown.Inthesweatofthyfaceshaltthoueatbread....--Genesis3:19Summary:Metonymyisanotherformofmetaphor,verysimilartosynecdoche(and,infact,somerhetoriciansdonotdistinguishbetweenthetwo),inwhichthethingchosenforthemetaphoricalimageiscloselyassociatedwith(butnotanactualpartof)thesubjectwithwhichitistobecompared.Hyperbole夸张Hyperboleisafigureofspeechwhichcontainsadeliberateexaggeration–thisiswhenwriters‘gooverthetop’withtheiruseoflanguage,suggestingthatsomethingisthestrongest,thebest,thegreatest,whichofcoursedistortsthetruth.Understatement含蓄陈述(Litotes)TheoppositeofhyperboleStatinganideainwordsthatarelessstrongthananticipated.tomakesomethingappearsmallerorlessimportantthanitreallyis.itgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.E.g.Thisisnotatallunpleasant.Euphemism委婉语WordsorphrasesthatsubstituteanagreeableorinoffensivetermforamoredirectonethatmightembarrassorsuggestsomethingunpleasantProfane(非宗教的;世俗