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阅读训练：大学英语四级阅读理解练习一Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Ifwomenaremercilessly（无情地）exploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomeniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobe（衣柜）packedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability（耐用）.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn'tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhighheeledshoes.Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen'sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstability?Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.1.Designersandbigstoresalwaysmakemoney_______.A)bymercilesslyexploitingwomenworkersintheclothingindustryB)becausetheyarecapableofpredictingnewfashionsC)byconstantlychangingthefashionsinwomen'sclothingD)becausetheyattachgreatimportancetoqualityinwomen'sclothing2.Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas________.A)awasteofmoneyB)awasteoftimeC)anexpressionoftasteD)anexpressionofcreativity3.Thewriterwouldbelesscriticaliffashiondesignersplacedmorestressonthe_______ofclothing.A)costB)appearanceC)comfortD)suitability4.Newfashionsinclothingarecreatedfor________.A)thecommercialexploitationofwomenB)thewomen'sstrengthofcharacterC)basicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstabilityD)animportantcontributiontosociety5.Bysayingtheconlusionstobedrawnareobvious(LineOne,ParagraphFour)thewritermeansthat________.A)women'sinconstancyintheirchoiceofclothingisoftenlaughedatB)womenarebetterabletoputupwithdiscomfortC)menarealsoexploitedgreatlybyfashiondesignersD)menaremorereasonableinthematteroffashionQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies--andothercreatures--learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadtorewards;andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiologicaldrives（欲望）asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwaytorewardthebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sreponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovementswitchonadisplayoflights--andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywouldsmileandbubble（发出咯咯声）whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.6.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich________.A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB)willmeettheirphysicalneedsC)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD)willsatisfytheircuriosity7.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy_______.A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkD)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink8.InPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto_______.A)haveth