...定语从句知识点讲解一一、定语从句的概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)Thecoat(that)Iputonthedeskisblue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)Thefilm(which)wesawlastnightwaswonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalkingto?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.这就是你要找的那个人。(3)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。(4)关系词只能用that的情况:a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:...IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?f.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况:a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如:What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如:Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:Thisistheplacewhereheworks.这是他工作的地点。(3)why指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。六.限制性定语从句1.限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后,没有逗号分开。2.引导词:分为关系代词和关系副词。(1)关系代词引导的定语从句:that:指代人、事物,作主语、宾语,做宾语时可以省略who:指代人,做主语whom:指代人,做宾语,可以省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用who代替,可以省略Themanwho\whomyoumetjustnowismybrother.which:指代事物,做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略whose:指代人、物,做定语,其后直接加名词Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.指物时常用以下结构代替:Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.——Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired(2)关系副词引导的定语从句:where:指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语ShaihaiisthecitywhereIwasborn\ThehousewhereIlivetenyearsagohasbeenpulleddownwhen:指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschoolwhy:指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane注意:关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替Shaihaiisthecitywhere\inwhichIwasborn...Istillrememberthedaywhen\onwhichIfirstcametotheschoolPleasetellmethereasonwhy\forwhichyoumissedtheplane3.注意(1)限制性定语从句中只能用that的几种情况:A当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时,要用thatHaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.B当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰,如:first\last\next等ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.C当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.D当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.E当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?F当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?(3)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising练习1.Alltheseactivitiescanserveasaplatform______youmightfindtheoneyoulove.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when2.Asateacher,Iseldomgivemystudentssodifficultaproblem______theycannotworkout.A.thatB.ifC.inorderthatD.as3.—Areyougoingsomewhereduringthewintervacation?—Yes,I'vefoundanicebeach______IcanenjoyswimmingeveninFebruary.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.which4.Intheend,itwasBecky_____heturnedforagentlewordandasmile.A.onwhomB.inwhomC.towhomD.forwhom5.InWesternculture,21wastheage______youngpeopletraditionallyreceivedakeytotheirparents’door,asasymbolofenteringadulthood.A.inwhichB.onwhichC.atwhichD.towhich6.Thekneeisthejoint______thehighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.that7.Humanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegree______theycanbecontrolled...onpurpose.A.withwhichB.towhichC.ofwhichD.forwhich8.Idon’tliketheway______heoftenusestospeaktome.A.inwhichB.howC.whichD.what9.Theofficialshaveindicatedthatanewbuildingwillbebuiltin2010____