GMAT-Argument

GMAT作文Argument王悦[e-mail]tjgmat521[e-mail]驳论作文目的是要考查你的批判性思维和分析的技巧（也包括写作技巧）。你的任务是对提出的论证进行批判，但是不要提出你对主题的看法。驳论分析每个论证问题都包括两个因素：题目：一段长的论证过程。要求：分析论证的特别要求。Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinadailynewspaper.“Thecomputerizedon-boardwarningsystemthatwillbeinstalledincommercialairlinerswillvirtuallysolvetheproblemofmidairplanecollisions.Oneplane’swarningsystemcanreceivesignalsfromanother’stransponder—aradiosetthatsignalsaplane’scourse—inordertodeterminethelikelihoodofacollisionandrecommendevasiveaction.”题目示例：Discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.Inyourdiscussion,besuretoanalyzethelineofreasoningandtheuseofevidenceintheargument.Forexample,youmayneedtoconsiderwhatquestionableassumptionsunderliethethinkingandwhatalternativeexplanationsorcounterexamplesmightweakentheconclusion.Youcanalsodiscusswhatsortofevidencewouldstrengthenorrefutetheargument,whatchangesintheargumentwouldmakeitmorelogicallysound,andwhat,ifanything,wouldhelpyoubetterevaluateitsconclusion.驳论分析1/clearlyidentifyimportantfeaturesoftheargumentandanalyzestheminsightfully2/developsideascogently,organizesthemlogically,andconnectsthemwithcleartransitions3/effectivelysupportsthemainpointsofthecritique4/demonstratescontroloflanguage,includingdictionandsyntacticvariety5/demonstratesfacilitywiththeconventionsofstandardwrittenEnglishbutmayhaveminorflaws.评分标准(６分)析1/doesnotidentifyoranalyzemostoftheimportantfeaturesoftheargument,althoughsomeanalysisoftheargumentispresent2/mainlyanalyzestangentialorirrelevantmatters,orreasonspoorlyislimitedinthelogicaldevelopmentandorganizationofideas3/offerssupportoflittlerelevanceandvalueforpointsofthecritiquedoesnotconveymeaningclearly4/containsoccasionalmajorerrorsorfrequentminorerrorsingrammar,usage,andmechanics评分标准(３分)Theargumentthatthiswarningsystemwillvirtuallysolvetheproblemofmidairplanecollisionsomitssomeimportantconcernsthatmustbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Thestatementthatfollowsthedescriptionofwhatthiswarningsystemwilldosimplydescribesthesystemandhowitoperates.Thisalonedoesnotconstitutealogicalargumentinfavorofthewarningsystem,anditcertainlydoesnotprovidesupportorproofofthemainargument.Mostconspicuously,theargumentdoesnotaddressthecauseoftheproblemofmidairplanecollisions,theuseofthesystembypilotsandflightspecialists,orwhoisinvolvedinthemidairplanecollisions.First,theargumentassumesthat满分范文:析thecauseoftheproblemisthattheplanes’courses,thelikelihoodofcollisions,andactionstoavoidcollisionsareunknownorinaccurate.Inaweakattempttosupportitsclaim,theargumentdescribesasystemthatmakesallofthesethingsaccuratelyunknown.Butifthecauseoftheproblemofmidairplanecollisionsisthatpilotsarenotpayingattentiontotheircomputersystemsorflightoperations,thewarningsystemwillnotsolvethecollisionproblem.Second,theargumentneveraddressestheinterfacebetweenindividualsandthesystemandhowthiswillaffectthewarningsystem’sobjectiveofobliteratingtheproblemofcollisions.Ifthepilotorflightspecialistdoesnotconformtowhatthewarningsystemsuggests,midaircollisionswillnotbeavoided.驳论分析Finally,ifplanesotherthancommercialairlinersareinvolvedinthecollisions,theproblemofthesecollisionscannotbesolvedbyawarningsystemthatwillnotbeinstalledonnon-commercialairliners.Theargumentalsodoesnotaddresswhatwouldhappenintheeventthatthewarningsystemcollapses,fails,ordoesnotworkproperly.Becausetheargumentleavesoutseveralkeyissues,itisnotsoundorpersuasive.Ifitincludedtheitemsdiscussedaboveinsteadofsolelyexplainingwhatthesystemsupposedlydoes,theargumentwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandconvincing.(335)驳论分析驳论作文的内容1.指出文中的推理思路以及证据的使用。2.评价题目论证思路的说服力（逻辑的合理性）。3.用合理的推理或相关的例证来支持你的批判。4.谈谈什么能够让题目的论证更有说服力或什么能让你更好地评价该论证。驳论分析1.题目的结论是什么？2.作者支持结论的理由是什么？3.作者题目所依赖的假设是什么？（至少想一个）4.题目的逻辑为啥错误?5.增加什么样的信息或证据可以加强论证？写作时思考的问题最好能有独立的开头段和结尾段，还要有至少两个中间段对题目进行批判。1.开头段（2~4句）1)简要复述论证；2)简要说明论证的推理思路；3)指出论证的错误。2.中间第一段（3~5句）1)具体指出原文逻辑/支持方法2)具体指出原文逻辑/支持的问题3)举例支持自己的批判。三.如何组织驳论作文3.结尾段（2~4句）1)总结对题目的批判；2)谈谈如何加强论证或者还需要什么信息来对论证进行更好的评价。驳论分析出题人故意在作文的题目中加入了一些推理问题和容易让论证受到攻击的证据。一般的论证都会包含3~4个错误。下面是最常出现的逻辑错误。常见逻辑错误析数据调查要满足：数量足够大,样本具有代表性,方法合理。Study/survey/research/poll引言要满足:立场公允,来源可靠统计数据/一面之词节驳论分析Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumissuedbyalargecity’scouncilonthearts.“Inarecentcitywidepoll,fifteenpercentmoreresidentssaidthattheywatchtelevisionprogramsaboutthevisualartsthanwasthecaseinapollconductedfiveyearsago.Duringthesepastfiveyears,thenumberofpeoplevisitingourcity’sartmuseumshasincreasedbyasimilarpercentage.Sincethecorporatefundingthatsupportspublictelevision,wheremostofthevisualartsprogramsappear,isnowbeingthreatenedwithseverecuts,wecanexpectthatattendanceatourcity’sartmuseumswillalsostarttodecrease.Thussomeofthecity’sfundsforsupportingtheartsshouldbereallocatedtopublictelevision.”1/民意测验:15%+看艺术电视2/博物馆人数15%+3.企业给电视台的赞助减少博物馆人数减少.政府多给钱给电视台.第二举例：节驳论分析写作思路：“民意测验说收看艺术类电视节目的人比５年前调查时高出了１５%”民意测验机构是否靠谱民意测验居民调查范围是否够大民意测验居民是否有代表性第二节驳论分析民意测验机构是否靠谱Itisnotmentionedwhethertheagencybywhichthepollwasconductedisreliableandthusqualifiedtogivetheresult.Forexample,itispossiblethatthepollwasjustgivenbyacollegeartsocietywithsev