英美概况USA-8

1.WorldWarI2.EntryintoWWI3.PeaceConferenceof19194.ProsperityandDepression5.Roosevelt’sNewDealChapter8WorldWarIandtheDepression1/291.WWI:QuestionsTime?July28,1914–Nov.11,1918(Armistice)WhendidAmericajoinWWI?1917WhodidAmericafightinWWI?Germany,Austria-Hungary,OttomanEmpire2/291.WWI:PrewarSituationTheendofthe19thcenturywasaperiodofimperialism,thehigheststageofcapitalism.Brit:1/4ofworldlandRus:1/7Ger:0.8%Unitedin1871,GerbegancompetingwithBritforworlddomination.Essence:Greatpowersredividingtheworld&strugglingforeconomicinterestsandworldhegemony.3/291.WWI:TwoMilitaryBlocsTheTripleAlliance,1882[三国同盟]Germany,Austria-Hungary&ItalyCentralPowersConflictsGer.tookFr.Alsace&LorraineAus.&Rus.:BalkansFr.&Rus.:DualAlliance,1894Britain,splendidisolation:non-interferenceinEuropeanaffairs(liberalparty)TheTripleEntente,1907[三国协约]Fr.,Rus.,&Brit.AlliedPowers4/291.WWI:TriggertheassassinationofArchdukeFrancisFerdinand(费迪南大公),heirtothethroneofAustria-Hungary,onJune28,1914WhileheandhiswiferodeinanopencarinSarajevo,Bosnia,theywereassassinatedbySerbiannationalistPrincip(普林西普).AustriadeclaredwaronSerbiaandothercountriessoonjoinedinthewar.5/291.WWI:Belligerents&ThreefrontsEasternFront:Russiavs.GermanyandAustria-HungaryWesternFront:Britain&Francevs.GermanySouthernFront:Serbiavs.Austria-Hungary6/292.EntryintoWWI:ReasonsLackofmilitarypreparationsatthebeginningFinancialrelationswiththeAlliedpowersPublicopinionsGermany’ssubmarinecampaign7/292.1LackofmilitarypreparationsStrongnavy(3rd)butweakarmyandairforcesanarmyoflessthan100,000men&only17airplanesRemainedneutral[WoodrowWilson]PreparationsforthewarDec.1914,NationalSecurityLeague[国家安全联盟]1916,NationalDefenseAct[国防法案]--doubledthestandingforce--reorganizedtheNationalGuard--providedforthetrainingofofficers8/292.2FinancialrelationswiththeAlliedpowersAtthebeginning,declaredneutralandsoldmunitionstobothsidesofthewar.Thealliedcountries(Britain&France)paidincash,theninbonds&stocks,andfinallyhadtoloan.U.S.industriesdependedoncontinuedordersfromthealliedcountries.Ifthealliesweredefeated,itwouldbroughtaboutalotofeconomiclossestoAmerica.9/292.3PublicopinionsApartfromanAnglophileelementsupportingtheBritish,publicopinionwentalongwithneutralityatfirst.ThesentimentwasstrongforneutralityamongtheIrishAmericans,GermanAmericans,andSwedishAmericans,aswellasmanySouthernfarmers,churchleadersandwomen.However,thecitizenryincreasinglycametoseeGermanyasthevillainafternewsofatrocitiesinBelgiumin1914,andthesinkingofthepassengerlinerLusitaniain1915indefianceofinternationallaw.10/292.4Germany’ssubmarinecampaignFeb.1915,GermanybeganusingU-boatstocarryoutunrestrictedsubmarinewarfareagainsttheAllies,whichwasveryeffectiveandtookaheavytollonAlliedships.May7,1915,theBritishlinerLusitaniaJan.31,1917,Germanyresumeditsunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare.Afterwards,GermansubmarinessankseveralU.S.merchantvessels.U.S.declaredwar,onApril6.11/29unrestrictedsubmarinewarfareatypeofnavalwarfareinwhichsubmarinessinkmerchant/passengershipswithoutwarning,asopposedtoattacksbyprizerules.Prize/Cruiserrulesstatethatpassengershipsmaynotbesunk,crewsofmerchantshipsmustbeplacedinsafetybeforetheirshipsmaybesunk(lifeboatsarenotconsideredaplaceofsafetyunlessclosetoland),onlywarshipsandmerchantshipsthatareathreattotheattackermaybesunkwithoutwarning.12/29TheLusitania•May7,1915,theBritishlinerRMSLusitania[RailwayMailService]wastorpedoedbyU-20,andsankinjust18minuteslater.Ofthe1,959peopleaboard,1,198werekilled,128ofthemUScitizens,includingAlfredVanderbilt,amemberoftheprestigiousVanderbiltfamily.•TheinitialU.S.responsewastothreatentoseverdiplomaticrelations,whichmadeGermanytore-imposerestrictionsonU-boatactivity.13/29WeaponryinWWIWWIsawtheuseofvarioustypesofweapons:grenadecatapults,artillery,machinegun,submarines,warplanes,armoredcars,railwayguns,tanks,&aircraftcarriers.Chemicalweaponryrangedfromdisablingchemicals,suchasteargasandtheseveremustardgas(芥子气),tolethalagentslikephosgene(光气)andchlorine(氯).Thekillingcapacityofgas,however,waslimited–only4%ofcombatdeathswerecausedbygas.Becauseitwaspossibletodevelopeffectivecountermeasuresagainstchemicalattacks,suchasgasmasks14/29ArmisticeNov.11,1918,representativesofFrance,Germany,andBritainmetinatraincaroutsideaFrenchtownandsignedthearmisticethatendedWWI.Germany’sunconditionalsurrenderendedoneofthebloodiestwarsinhistory.KingGeorgeVdedicatedthedayasRemembranceDay.15/29EffectsTheGerman,Russian,Austro-HungarianandOttomanempiresdissolved.EmergenceofindependentcountriesTheU.S.becomingthestrongestpower&thelargestcreditor.6bndebtor10bncreditor16/293.ParisPeaceConference,1919•tosetthepeacetermsforGermanyandotherdefeatednations•the“BigFour”:Britain,Italy,France,USA•Wilson’sFourteenPoints,LeagueofNations•TreatyofVersailles17/29TreatyofVersaillesimposedastrictreductionofGermany’sarmyandnavy,strippedherofallhercolonies,andforcedhertoadmitguiltforthewarandtopayforitscostToformtheLeagueofNationsNotapprovedbytheU.S.Senate,andtheU.S.didnotjoinintheLeagueatlast.18/29WashingtonConference(19