初中语法专项1名词

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一、名词【教师点拨】名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体、机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词、集体名词抽象名词、物质名词考点1:可数名词一、基本用法(1)可数名词后可以加­s或­es构成复数形式,用于表达超过“一个”的数的概念。(2)只与可数名词复数连用的单词:few(几乎没有),afew(一些),many/agreatmany(许多)(3)既能与可数名词连用也能与不可数名词连用的单词:some,any,alotof/lotsof,plentyof。例如:Thereissome/alotofmilkinthebottle.Therearesome/alotofflowersinthegarden.二、名词单复数规则变化规律例词①一般在词尾直接加sbook—bookschair—chairs②以s,x,o,sh,ch结尾的单词通常在词尾加esclass—classesbox—boxesbrush—brusheswatch—watches③以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y改i,再加es但以元音+y结尾的词,则直接在词尾加sfamily—familiesfactory—factorieskey—keysmonkey—monkeys④以o结尾的词,有生命的名词加es但无生命名词则直接加s,如:potato—potatoestomato—tomatoeshero—heroesradio—radioszoo—zoos⑤以f或fe结尾的词,改f或fe为v加esleaf—leavesthief—thieves三、名词复数的不规则变化规律例词①变中间的元音字母man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,child—children,mouse—mice②表示“某国人”的名词单复变化(记忆口决:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。)Chinese—ChineseJapanese—JapaneseFrenchman—FrenchmenEnglishman—EnglishmenGerman—GermansAmerican—AmericansIndian—IndiansAustralian—Australians③单复数一样的名词ChineseandJapanese吃sheep,deerandfish如:aChinese--twoChinese,asheep--manysheep④有的名词只有复数形式people,police,clothes,trousers,pants,jeans,scissors,shorts⑤有的名词即可表整体,也可表成员family,class,team,group⑥由两个名词组成的名词词组,通常只变后面一个名词为复数;注意:但如果前面名词是man或woman时,则两个名词都要变成复数anappletree—twoappletreesagirlstudent—manygirlstudentsamanteacher—somementeachersawomandoctor—tenwomenteachers【课堂检测】()1.WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea.A.noticeB.messageC.sentenceD.information()2.Ifyouworkharder,you'llhaveanothertoplaytheviolinataconcert.A.sleepB.chanceC.mistakeD.problem()3.—Lily,couldyoupleasepassmethe?Iwanttocuttheapple.—Sure,hereyouare.A.penB.pencilC.bookD.knife()4..Eatingmoreandisgoodforourhealth.A.vegetables,tomatoesB.meat,fishC.vegetable,potatoesD.photos,tomatoes()5.—Whatagoodyou'vegivenme!Thanksalot.—Mypleasure.A.informationB.newsC.suggestionD.advice考点2:不可数名词一、基本用法(1)不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与a/an或具体数字连用,但特指某物时可以与定冠词the连用。(2)要表示一定的数量时,常与acupof,abottleof,apieceof等量词连用,如acupoftea一杯茶;twobottlesofwater两瓶水注意:区别twoboxesofchalk与twoboxesofapples。(3)只能修饰不可数名词的词有:alittle(一点),little(几乎没有),much/agreatdealof(许多)(4)常考的不可数名词有:food,drink(饮料),orange(橙汁),milk,rice,bread,meat(肉),chicken(鸡肉),pork(猪肉),beef(牛肉),work,homework,news(新闻)advice(建议),information(信息),weather(天气),Chinese(汉语),knowledge(知识)等【课堂检测】()1.—AfterP.E.,Ioftenfeelverythirsty.—Whynotbuysometodrink?A.breadB.noodlesC.applejuiceD.teas()2..Iwantasweetmilk.Putsomeinmycup,please.A.iceB.soupC.saltD.sugar()3.—Goodmorning,madam.CanIhelpyou?—Sure,I’dlike.A.twocupsofteaB.threepiecesofbreadC.onebowlofdumplingsD.akiloofoil()4.—CanIhelpyou?—Yes.Iwanttogetsome________aboutthetriptoAmerica.A.newsB.informationC.helpD.advice()5.Yourmothercooksnice__________.Ilikeitverymuch.A.breadB.beefC.eggsD.dumplings考点3:名词所有格在英语中,有生命的名词及表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,常在词尾加’s表示所属关系,叫做名词的所有格。翻译成:“的”。如:Tom’sbike(汤姆的单车)名词的所有格例词、例句①直接在词尾加's.Kate'sbag,Children'sDay,Women'sDay②以s结尾的名词所有格,在词尾加'Teachers'Day,students'books③表示两人共同拥有的人或物,在后一个人名后加'sLucyandLily'smother(共同的妈妈)④表示两人分别拥有的人或物,则两个人名后都要加'sTom'sandJim'srooms(各自的房间)⑤表某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略:atthedoctor's(在医务室);atTom’s(在汤姆的家)⑥表示无生命名词的所有格,用of表达thedooroftheroom,thecoloroftheclothes⑦双重所有格:用’s所有格/与of所有格相结合。Afriendofmyfather'sabookofmine注意:但是有些表示时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城市等无生命的名词,也可加's构成所有格:如:today'snewspaper今天的报纸eightdays'holiday=an8-dayholiday八天的假期fiveminutes'walk=afive-minutewalk五分钟的步行路程【课堂检测】()1.—HowfarisitfromTianjintoChangsha?—ItisaflightfromTianjintoChangsha.A.2-hour-longB.2-hours-longC.2hours'longD.2hourlong()2.—Istheschoolbagunderthedeskyours?—No,it'smy.Heleftittherejustnow.A.brotherB.brother'sC.brothers'D.brothers()3.Mr.Blackisateacherof.Sheandherclassmateslikehimverymuch.A.mysisterB.mysister'sC.mysistersD.mysisters'()4.—we’llhave__________holiday.WhataboutgoingtoShaoshan?—Goodidea!A.3days’B.3day’sC.a3-daysD.3-day()5.1.Afriendofmy____andIaregoingtovisit_______nextweek.A.father;BrownsB.father's;theBrownsC.father;theBrownsD.father's;Browns【易混词辨析】(1)sound,voice,noise①sound“声音”,指耳朵能听到的各种声音。Iheardthesoundofthebell.②voice“声音”,主要指人的声音。Shehasabeautifulvoice.③noise指“噪音”。词组有:makeanoise等。练习:1.Themademefeelannoyed.Iwanttobeinaquietplace.2.Theteachersaidinaloud,“Pleasekeepsilent.”3.Atthefootofthehillyoucouldhearnothingbuttheoftherunningwater.(2)job,work①job“工作”,是可数名词。②work“工作”,可以作名词或动词;作名词表示“工作”时是不可数的;作名词表示“著作”时是可数的。练习:1.Hehaslostthree,becausehedoesn'thard.2.Doyouwanttolate?Wewillhaveaforyouasawaiter.(3)anumberof,thenumberof①anumberof表示“大量的;许多”,谓语动词用复数。如:Anumberofpersonsareplayingchess.②thenumberof表示“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数。如:Thenumberofpeopleintheroomis50.练习:1.offoreignstudentsarestudyinginthiscollege.2.ofAmericanstudentsisover30.(4)idea,advice①idea表示“主意”,是可数名词。如:agoodidea一个好主意②advice表示“建议;忠告”,是不可数名词。如:apieceofadvice练习:1.CanyougivemesomeonhowtolearnEnglishwell?2.Hehasgotagoodtodealwithhisoldbooks.(5)news,information,message,instruction①news表示“新闻;消息”,是不可数名词。如:twopiecesofnews②information表示“信息;资料”,侧重信息的价值,是不可数名词。如:someinformation③message表示“消息;音信”,侧重信息的简短,是可数名词。常用词组:leaveamessage(留言);giveamessageto…(捎口信给……)④instruction表示“说明;须知;教导”,是可数名词。如:someinstructions练习:1.Whatbad!Theschooltripwillbeputoffbecauseofthesports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