专四语法及词汇考点

专四语法及词汇考点语法考点•从句：状语从句，名词性从句，关系从句•非谓语动词：不定时，动名词，分词•虚拟语气•时态•其他：比较级，倒装句，主谓一致，附加疑问句词汇考点•异形近义词和同义词，近形异义词，异形异义词•搭配•习语•代词从句----状语从句•让步状语从句•1）though,although,evenif/though引导的让步状语从句•_________,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.•A.Althoughheisasocialist•B.Evenifheisasocialist•C.Beingasocialist•D.Sinceheisasocialist•2）as引导的让步状语从句•（1）as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装•eg.Failashedid,hewouldnevergiveup.•（2）作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加冠词•eg.FoolasisJane,shecouldnothavedonesuchthing.•（3）as从句的主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装；如果主语是名词时，则要倒装•eg.Difficultasitwas,theyfinisheditintime.•Difficultaswasthework,theyfinisheditintime.•_______hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.•A.MuchthoughB.Muchas•C.AsmuchD.Thoughmuch•3）while引导的让步状语从句•“尽管，虽然”，while表达并列的转折，即主句与从句的工作是在同一时间发生的。While引导的从句通常放在主句之前•__________Isympathize,Ican’treallydoverymuchtohelpthemoutofthedifficulties.•A.AslongasB.As•C.WhileD.Even•4）nomatterhow/what/when…与however,whatever…引导的让步状语从句•________thebosssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.•A.WhateverB.Whenever•C.WhicheverD.However•比较状语从句•一般由as和than引导（构成同级比较或比较级）•eg.ItiseasierthanIthought.•Ihaven’tdoneasmuchasIshouldhaveliked.•条件状语从句•引导词主要为if,unless,provided/providingthat,so/aslongas,onconditionthat,suppose/supposingthat,intheeventthat,whetherornot…•eg.Thisisanillnessthatcanresultintotalblindnessifleftuntreated.•时间状语从句•1）when与while引导的时间状语从句•when表示“当……的时候”，指一个时间点（段）的动作•while表示“在……的同时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的短暂的动作•eg.WhileTomwasreading,Jackwaswriting.•2）Hardly/Scarcely…when和Nosooner…than引导的时间状语从句•Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation______thecoachleft.•A.whenB.as•C.untilD.than•3）theminute/moment/day,thefirst/second/lasttime,each/every/nexttime等引导的时间状语从句•eg.NexttimeyoucometoBeijing,youmustvisitthemuseum.•4）since表示“自从”，从句要用非延续性动词，主句用完成时态；till/until表示“直到”，用于肯定句时，主句用延续性动词；用于否定句时，主句可以使用非延续性动词（注：till不能用于句首）•eg.SincehelivedinNanjing,Ihavenotheardfromhim.•Iwillwaithereuntiltheconcertisover.•结果状语从句•1）so/such…that引导的结果状语从句•so+a./ad.•such+n.•so+a.+a(an)+n.•so+much/many/few/little+n.•2）withtheresultthat引导的结果状语从句•eg.TheEskimolanguageis,therefore,oneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearn,withtheresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.•原因状语从句•inthat和ontheground(s)that引导的原因状语从句•eg.Hewaselectedasthepresidentonthegroundsthathehadcontributedalottothecompany.•地点状语从句•eg.I’lltakeyouanywhereyoulike.•方式状语从句•主要由as引导的方式状语从句•Shedidherwork_______hermanagerhadinstructed.•A.asB.until•C.whenD.though从句----关系从句•限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句•1）非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需要用逗号隔开•2）限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分；非限定性定语从句只起补充说明的作用，有无对句意影响不大•3）非限定性定语从句中，引导词一般不用that•which和that•1）关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略•eg.Itistheonlything(that)wecandoforyou.•2）先行词是不定代词时，只能用that引导•eg.That’sallthatIcoulddoatthatmoment.•3）先行词是不定代词，表人时（anyone,anybody,someone…)，关系代词多用who或whom,不用that•eg.Isthereanyoneherewhocandance?•4）先行词被形容词最高级及first,last,only,very,no等修饰时，关系代词常用that,不用which/who/whom•eg.HeistheonlypersonthatIdislikeinourclass.•5）有两个或两个以上的先行词，兼指人和物时，关系代词用that•eg.Avictimisaperson,animalorthingthatsufferspain,death,harm,etc.•as•1）as同such,thatsame,as(so)连用，引导限定性定语从句•eg.Suchpeopleaswishtoleavemaydosonow.•2）引导非限定性定语从句时，与which的区别•（1）as引导的从句位置较灵活；which引导的从句只能放在主句后•eg.Thetelephone,asweallknow,wastheinventionofBell.•（2）as后如果是被动语态，其中的be动词可省略；which后的be动词则不能•eg.Footballandbaseball,asplayedintheUnitedStatestoday,arebasicallymodificationsofgamesthatoriginatedinEngland.•where=in/atwhich•Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy_______payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.•A.whichB.where•C.whetherD.what•whose•与名词搭配，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或宾语；可以指人也可以指物•eg.Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied•prep.+whom;which+todo•作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。若将介词还原后置，则需省略whom或which,即成为不定式短语•eg.Sheisapleasantgirlwithwhomtowork.•Sheisapleasantgirltoworkwith.从句----名词性从句•同位语从句•1）能接同位语从句的名词有：answer,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,decision,discovery,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,problem,promise,statement,suggestion,thought,probability,etc.同位语从句多由that引导，疑问代词who,which,what和疑问副词where,when,how,why也可以•eg.Itisthequestionwhereweshouldhavedinner.•2）在结构ontheassumptionthat,ontheconditionthat,despitethefactthat,ontheunderstandingthat,etc.中，也可以用同位语从句•eg.JacklentmethemoneyonconditionthatIpayitbacknextmonth.非谓语动词•非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式，他们不可以在句中单独做谓语，也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词既有动词的特点，又有非动词的特点（代替名词或形容词）。非谓语动词----作主语•不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，分词不可以。不定式表示具体或一次性动作，动名词表示一般或抽象的多次动作•_________isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.•A.TobenottallB.Nottobetall•C.BeingnottallD.Notbeingtall•不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no,-less等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语•eg.Itisuselesstalkingwithher.•如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式•eg.Toseeistobelieve.•Seeingisbelieving.非谓语动词----作宾语•分词不可以在句中充当宾语•1）只能接动名词的动词：abandon,advocate,acknowledge,enjoy,appreciate,risk,pardon,resist,forgive,mind,tolerate,suggest,etc.•2）只能接不定式的动词：aim,ask,agree,claim,endeavor,bother,fail,long,pretend,plan,refuse,tend,prepare,volunteer,etc.•3）不定式用于表示具体或一次性动作，动名词用于表示一般或抽象的多次动作的动词：love,like,hate,begin,start,etc.•eg.Ilikegettingupearly.•4）不定式表示未做过某事，动名词表示已经做过某事：try,remember,forget,regret,stop,etc.•Ineverregretted_____the