基于PLC模拟量方式变频闭环调速控制系统设计

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*****************************************基于PLC模拟量方式的变频闭环调速控制系统设计学生学号:**********学生姓名:******专业班级:*********指导教师:******职称:****起止日期:*********~************************************************************************************-I-课程设计任务书一、设计题目:基于PLC模拟量方式的变频闭环调速控制系统设计二、设计目的:1.掌握S7-200SMARTPLC数据转换指令的使用及编程;2.掌握S7-200SMARTPLC模拟量控制MM440变频器进行闭环调速的接线、调试、操作;三、设计任务及要求:1.设计任务:用S7-200SMARTPLC控制西门子MM440变频器,PLC根据模拟量输入端的给定值和过程变量值,经过程序运算后由模拟量输出端输出值控制变频器运行。2.设计要求:2.1电机运行速度超出设定值时开始减速;2.2电机运行速度低于设定值时开始加速;四、设计时间及进度安排:设计时间共三周,具体安排如下表:周安排设计内容第一周学习S7-200SMARTPLC数据转换指令的使用及编程及西门子MM440变频器工作原理,学习交流电机调速系统设计原理。第二周对S7-200SMARTPLC及西门子MM440变频器等设备进行设计及接线。第三周完成基于PLC模拟量方式的变频闭环调速控制系统硬件设计调试和软件程序调试,编写设计说明书。提交设计作品及设计说明书,评定专业综合设计成绩。***********************************************-II-目录第1章绪论·········································································································1第2章系统设计···································································································22.1设计思路···································································································22.2系统硬件配置及组成原理··············································································32.3变频器······································································································4第3章MM440变频器简介·····················································································53.1MM440变频器····························································································53.2MM440变频器的组成···················································································53.3主电路工作原理··························································································6第4章西门子S7-200····························································································74.1S7-200的介绍·····························································································74.2S7-200SMART系列PLC结构········································································84.3S7-200SMART的特点··················································································84.4CPU单元设计·····························································································9第5章PLCPID变频调速系统结构·········································································105.1系统结构控制模型·····················································································105.2PID调节··································································································11总结·············································································································17参考文献·············································································································18************************************************-1-第1章绪论调速系统快速性、稳定性、动态性能好是工业自动化生产中基本要求。在科学研究和生产实践的诸多领域中调速系统占有着极为重要的地位特别是在国防、汽车、冶金、机械、石油等工业中,具有举足轻重的作用。调速控制系统的工艺过程复杂多变,具有不确定性,因此对系统要求更为先进的控制技术和控制理论。可编程控制器(PLC)可编程控制器是一种工业控制计算机,是继续计算机、自动控制技术和通信技术为一体的新型自动装置。它具有抗干扰能力强,价格便宜,可靠性强,编程简朴,易学易用等特点,在工业领域中深受工程操作人员的喜欢,因此PLC已在工业控制的各个领域中被广泛地使用。目前在控制领域中,虽然逐步采用了电子计算机这个先进技术工具,特别是石油化工企业普遍采用了分散控制系统(DCS)。但就其控制策略而言,占统治地位的仍旧是常规的PID控制。PID结构简朴、稳定性好、工作可靠、使用中不必弄清系统的数学模型。PID的使用已经有60多年了,有人称赞它是控制领域的常青树。变频调速已被公认为是最理想、最有发展前景的调速方式之一,采用变频器构成变频调速传动系统的主要目的,一是为了满足提高劳动生产率、改善产品质量、提高设备自动化程度、提高生活质量及改善生活环境等要求;二是为了节约能源、降低生产成本。用户根据自己的实际工艺要求和运用场合选择不同类型的变频器。组态软件是指一些数据采集与过程控制的专用软件,它们是在自动控制系统监控层一级的软件平台和开发环境,使用灵活的组态方式,为用户提供快速构建工业自动控制系统监控功能的、通用层次的软件工具。在组态概念出现之前,要实现某一任务,都是通过编写程序来实现的。编写程序不但工作量大、周期长,而且轻易犯错误,不能保证工期。组态软件的出现,解决了这个问题。对于过去需要几个月的工作,通过组态几天就可以完成。组态王是海内一家较有影响力的组态软件开发公司开发的,组态王具有流程画面,过程数据记录,趋势曲线,报警窗口,生产报表等功能,已经在多个领域被应用。***********************************************-2-第2章系统设计2.1设计思路变频器控制电机,电机上同轴连旋转编码器。编码器根据电机的转速变化而输出电压信号Vil反馈到PLC模拟量模块(Fx2n-3A)的电压输入端,在PLC内部给定量经过运算处理后,通过PLC模拟量模块的电压输出端输出一路DC0~+10V电压信号Vout来控制变频器的输出,达到闭环控制的目的。运算方案一:采用数学运算,当反馈值小于给定值时,让控制信号Vout加适当值。同理,当反馈量大于给定值时,用软件给控制信号减适当值。运算方案二:采用PID控制,对其设定整定的参数,只要给它控制信号,它将会输出理想的结果。方案比较:如果采用纯粹的数学运算,因为控制模块的滞后等原因,其输出结果并不如人意,系统响应慢、不稳定,如果操作失误,将会给硬件造成损伤。而如果采用PID控制,因其不需要被控对象的数学模型,有较强的灵活性和适应性且使用方便,所以运用它可以得到比较满意的结果。结论:采用PID控制测速方案一:采用测速电动机测速方案二:采用同轴编码器测速方案比较:测速发电机的输出特性存在死区和非线性区,且体积大、误差大,一般适用于测速精度要求不高的系统。采用编码器测速,其输出高频脉冲经FX2NPLC高速计数器计数,经过量化可得到精度很高的转速。结论:采用编码器测速************************************************-3-2.2系统硬件配置及组成原理本实验装置选用三菱主机FX2N-48MR-001AC/DC/继电器内置数字量I/O(24路开关量输入,24路继电器输出)如图2-1程序框图。2-1程序框图PLC使用用扫描工作方式执行用户程序时,扫描是从第一条程序开始,在无中断或跳转控制的情况下,按程序存储顺序的先后,逐条执行用户程序,直到程序结束。然后再从头开始扫描执行,周而复始重复运行。在内部处理阶段,进行PLC自检,检查内部硬件是否正常,对监视定时器(WDT)复位以及完成其它一些内部处理工作。在通信服务阶段,PLC与其它智能装置实现通信,响应编程器键入的命令,更新编程器的显示内容等。当PLC处于停止(STOP)状态时,只完成内部处理和通信服务工作。当PLC处于运行(RUN)状态时,除完成内部处理和通信服务工作外,还要完成输入采样、程序执行、输出刷新工作。另配有FX0N-3A模拟量模块(2路模拟量输入,1路模拟量输出)。输入通道接收模拟信号并将模拟信号转换成数字值;输出通道采用数字值并输出等量模拟信号。FX0N-3A的最大分辨率为8位。FX0N-3A在PLC扩展母线上占用8个I/O点,8个I/O点可以分配给输入或输出。所有数据传输和参数设置都是通过应用到PLC中的TO/FROM指令,通过FX0N-3A的软件控制调节的。BFM0:把外部模拟信号通过转换成数字值后存储在这里。***********************************************-4-BFM16:把主机传送过来的数据存储在这里,准备通过转换后输出控制负载。BFM17:b0=0时选择模拟输入通道1;b0=1时选择模拟输入通道2;b1=0--1时,起运A/D转换处理;b1=1--0时,起运D/A转换处理缓冲存储器编号b8~b15b7b6b5b4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