搜索
09二轮专题1：阅读理解体裁专项突破之四——议论文画川高级中学王文华【文体特色】议论文的目的是说服，那么作者力图使读者同意并支持其观点，或驳斥某些观点。议论文的论证方法主要采用两种：演绎法和归纳法。演绎法是指从一般陈述开始，最后给出具体、特殊的结论，是一种从一般到个别的推理方法；归纳法是指从个别实例出发，最后得出一般性结论，是一个从个别到一般的推论方法，在实考中，采用演绎法推理的超过四分之三。【阅读技巧】阅读议论文我们要抓住论题、抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题、抓住了观点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点。看看下面一篇例文：（05江苏卷E段）Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetter,changesfortheworse,changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse,ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind．Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid．“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（纱线）,goodandilltogether.“Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid．Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?解析：作者在第一段提出论题：Theprogressinsciencecausedthechangesinthetwentiethcentury.接下来，第二、三段作者提出论据：Theprogressinsciencehasbroughtusadvantagesandthecontinuationoftheprogresswillsurelyresultinevengreateradvantages.第四段作者从另一方面提出论据：Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind．再接下来，按行文结构作者应该作出结论，但作者在第五段并没有直接说出不言自明的结论（Weshouldseparatethegoodfromtheill.），而是用了几个问句：Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?这样可引起读者对结论的深入思考，引起读者的重视。看看下面的理解题：1．Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat_______.A．agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB．alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC．theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD．theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearth2．Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.A．simpleB．mixedC．sadD．happy3．Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A．Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B．MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.C．Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D．Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.（参考答案：DBC）（05北京卷C篇）Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments－mostlyforentertainmentpurposes－isfairandrespectful?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(栖息地).Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.Zoosclaim(声称)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物种),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange(分布区).Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusuallyandself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered．Captivebreeding(圈养繁殖)ofendangeredbigcats.Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirbeingsentbacktothewilD．Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.1．Howwouldtheauthordescribetheanimals’lifeinzoos?A．Dangerous.B．Unhappy.C．Natural.D．Easy.2．Inthestateofzoochosis,animals_________.A．remainincagesB．behavestrangelyC．attackotheranimalsD．enjoymovingaround3．Whatdoestheauthortrytoargueinthep