建筑学专业英语PPT--zaha-hadid

建筑类专业英语ProfessionalEnglishinArchitecture（第一册）主讲：刘京华学时数：32专业英语（第一册）要求平时成绩（40%）1.词汇听写（vocabulary每三课一次）2.科技论文写作(paperpresentation)3.原著翻译(translation)4.构词法作业（wordformation)5.专业英语表达（PPTpresentation）期末考试成绩（60%）学习内容专业英语词汇（1000-1200）句式翻译专业论文的写作（结构、要求、投稿）UNITONEARCHITRCTUREKEYWORDS:1.edifice大建筑物，体系2.compressivestrength抗压强度3.span架设，跨度4.tensilestrength抗拉强度5.skeleton构架，轮廓，草图6.cantilever悬臂梁7.project伸出，设计8.nave正厅9.aisle（注意读音）侧廊10.transept教堂左右两翼11.chapel私人祈祷处12.apse耳室13.Gothiccathedral哥特式教堂14.module模数15.balustrade栏杆16.colonnade柱廊17.ornament装饰物（decoration)18.column柱子(post,pillar)19.Goldensection黄金分割教堂平面图atypicalcathedralplan门廊porch正厅nave侧廊aisle耳房、私人祈祷处chapelN翼部transept圣坛chancel唱诗班choir/kwaiə/法衣室vestry句式翻译Thepreciseactivitiestobehousedinanyspecificbuilding,rangingfromanassemblylineinafactorytoalivingroominahome,shoulddictatethesizeandshapeoftheseveralareaswithin.翻译：将要容纳在具体建筑物中明确的各种活动，范围从工厂流水线到住宅的起居室，都应限定其中各部分空间的大小和形状。注意：被动式动词不定式作名词定语时，不仅有被动意思，还有将来的概念。Furthermore,astructuremustbewellbuilt,itcouldhavesuchpermanenceasthepurposeforwhichitisintendeddemandsandasthematerialschosenmayallow.此外，一座建筑的结构必须建造良好，必须具有永久性。这种永久性既是设计意图要求的，也是材料选择许可的。AboutMaterials1、stoneStonecanresistcompression(压力）almostindefinitely.Whileitispossibletocrushstoneinalaboratory,forpracticalpurposeitscompressivestrength（抗压强度）isunlimited.Ontheotherhand,stoneisweakinwithstandingtension（张力）.Anybeamspanningavoidtendstobenddownwardbetweenthesupports（支点）.3专业词汇的构词法Instonebuildings,windowsdoors,andthespacesbetweencolumnsarealmostcompelledtobetallerthantheyarewide---theverticalrectangleofthestoneaesthetic.Verticalrectangle纵向矩形Stonecolumn石柱ParthenoninGreece2、woodandsteelWood,afibrousmaterial,withstandtensionasreadilyasitdoescompression.asreadilyas容易地、无困难地翻译：木材是一种纤维质材料，既可以承受压力，又可以承受拉力。Woodenbeamsmayberelativelylongerthanstonebeams,andwoodenpostsslenderandwidelyspaced.木梁比石梁相对长一些，木柱子则比较细，并且间距宽。Ahorizontalrectangle,widerthanitshigh,resultsfromthenaturalpropertiesofwood,asmaybeseeninJapanesearchitecture.Horizontalrectangle横向矩形Woodenpost木柱ChinesetraditionalarchitectureProportiondifferencebetweenwoodenpostandstonepostWoodenpost木柱Stonepost石柱Architecturecallsforgoodproportions(比例）–apleasingrelationshipofvoidtosolid,ofheighttowidth,oflengthtobreadth.虚与实、高与宽、长与宽Anyonewhohasobservedasteelbuildingunderconstructionmusthavenoticedthegridironofhorizontalrectanglesproducedbytheslender,widelyspacedcolumnsandthelongbeamsofeachfloor.beunderconstruction正在施工任何观察过正在施工的钢结构建筑的人，必定注意到地板上细长而且间隔很宽的柱子形成的横向矩形的格状结构。Uint1ReadingmaterialATheStudyofArchitectureKeywords1.BachelorofArchitecture建筑学学士2.Requiredcourse必修课3.Behavioralsciences行为科学4.Freehanddrawing徒手画5.Three-dimensional三维的6.Descriptivegeometry画法几何7.Reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土8.Constructionsupervision施工监理9.Siteplanning场地规划10.etc.缩写=etcetera(and)等等句式翻译Inafive-yearBachelorofArchitecture（建筑学士）program,theprimaryconcentrationisdesign.Thiscoursemayconcludewith（以---结束）directapplicationtoaspecificarchitecturalproblem,thusbeginthetransitiontomorecomplexdesignproblems.Theproblemofdesigningastructuretowithstandtheforcesofgravity,wind,andearthquakesisusuallytaughtthroughanotherseriesofcourses.Specialistsexistfornearlyeveryaspectofprofessionalpractice:programming(任务规划）,specification（施工说明）,contracts（合同签订）,costestimating（造价估算）,constructionsupervision（施工监理）,siteplanning（场地设计）,interiors（室内设计）,acoustics（音响）,lighting（采光）,heating（供暖）andairconditioning（空调）,andelectricalandstructuraldesign（电气和结构设计）,tonameafewofmostcommon（最常见的）.ReadingmaterialBModernEducationoftheArchitectureKeywords1.gothroughthefire历尽磨难2.fulltimecourse全日制课程3.playhellwith困境4.auxiliary辅助5.chisel雕刻6.Functionalism功能主义7.atelier画室8.meager缺乏9.makeup弥补Someofourmostglorious“name”architectshavegonethroughthefiremorethanonce.gothroughfireandwater赴汤蹈火Thisgenerallytakesuptotwelveyearsandcanplayhellwithone’sfamilylifeandhealth.playhellwith遭遇困境Thethirdtypeofschool,stillfairlyrare,istheonewhichfeelsarchitecturetobepartofthegeneralsociologicalprocessofmankind,alongwitheconomics,environment,andcityplanning.第三种学校比较少，这类学校认为建筑学和经济学、环境学、城市规划学一起都是人类社会进程的一部分。专业英语词汇特点1常用词汇的专业化同一个英文单词在一般英语中和专业英语中的意思有很大差异。Concrete:adj.具体的,有形的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑,浇混凝土,凝结专业英语词汇的特点：我们熟悉的很多词，在专业英语中成为具有专业意义的词汇。Wheneveraforceactsonabodysoastomakethebodymovethroughsomedistance,itissaidtohavedonework.Body物理：物体（一般意义的）机械：壳体、机体、车身、车体Work:金属工艺：工件、工作物；加工、作业、工作机械：结构、机构、构件电学：工作、作业、制品Angle:角度（角钢）Channel:海峡、纪录通道、渠道（槽钢）Cap:帽子（柱头、棚架顶梁）Mouth:嘴（开度）Foot:脚（底部、底座）Horse:马（支架）2词义专一科技论文中往往用具有明确意义的动词代替日常英语中的“动词+副词（或者介词）”构成的短语动词。原因有三：（1）词义更加确切：比如用absorb表示takein;用discover表示观察比用findout更严密（2）这类动词较为正规：增加学术气氛，如transmit比passon更适合表达传输这个科技概念（3）这种动词更加简洁：有时候可以代替一连串的动词Reciprocate等于movebackwardsandforwardsinastraightline尽量避免概念不够鲜明的词语，应该选择鲜明有力的动词Indicate,show,illustrate,demonstrate,review,report,outline,describe,explain,verify,prove,confirm,define,determine,compare,contrast,investigate,develop,conclude,enumerate(列举)3专业词汇的构词法（1）派生（Derivation)：利用词的前缀与后缀作为词素构成新词anti+seismic=Antiseismic:抗震的Sub+soil=subsoil地基下层土；天然地基Mu