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GardensSouthoftheYangtzeRiver102708林姣theimperialgardenthetemplegardentheprivategardenThreestylesofgardensduring2000years•TheChineseattachgreatimportancetothequalitiesofbeingreservedandsubtle,andtheconstructionofgardensdottingthehazylandscapesouthofthelowerYangtzeRiverwellreflectsthisphilosophy.AWindingPathtoPlacesofInterestThereisapoemfromtheSouthernSongDynastythatreads:Afterendlessmountainsandriversthatleavedoubtwhetherthereisapathout,suddenlyoneencounterstheshadeofawillow,brightflowersandalovelyvillage.ZhuozhengGarden•Corridors（走廊）zigzagalongasteam,onlytobeinterruptedatintervalsbypavilions（亭）partlyoverhangingthewater.Theupturnedcornersoftheroofsarelikeflyingbirdswiththeirwingswidespread,givingasenseofmotiontoastillpicture.Eventhetreesarecurving:theweepingwillowswithbranchescascadingdowntotouchthewater;ancienttreesofhundredsofyearswithgnarlingoldbranches;numerousdragon-clawtrees,entwiningvines,andplumtreeswithbeautifullyarchedsparsebranches.Allproclaimthebeautyofthiscurvingworld.•曲曲折折的回廊沿溪而建，长廊每隔一段便有一亭，小亭伸入水中，亭上方的卷角如鸟翼展翅欲飞，给这静止的画面加入了飞动之势。•在江南园林中，就连园子中的花木也多是曲的，高高的柳树，将它柔美的纤条垂落到水面，数百年的古树，展露出它虬曲的老枝。还有数不清的龙爪树、缠绕的藤蔓、萧疏的寒梅，等等，无不在渲染着曲的世界。FascinatingStones•RockformationsplayanimportantroleintheconstructionofaChinese-stylegarden.•RockformationsareasimportanttoaChinese-stylegardenassculpturesaretoaEuropean-stylegarden,andmaysignifyevenmore.Therockformationismodeledafterapeakinreallife.Betweentherealityandthereflection,thegardenpresentsafascinating,picturesquecomposition.Essenceofasoutherngarden:thedetailmakingforaperfectgarden.TaihuLakestoneThinness（瘦）Porosity（漏）Exquisiteness（透）Wrinkle（皱）ThesefourfeaturesofTaihuLakestonesdescribenotonlybeautyinformbutevenmore,reflectpeople’sloftyidealstowardlife.Thinnessrepresentsunearthlinessandaloofness;Porositysignifiesopennessandflexibility,whichallowsforthefreeflowofenergy;Exquisitenessdescribesthecharacteristicsofbeingfineanddelicateintexture,likejade;whilewrinklesarethecurvingformsandripple-likelinesnurturedbywater.ASenseofSpace•Toevokeasenseofspace,theuseof“borrowingadistantview”（望）isaspecialsignificance.•Function:Itenablesavisitortolookoutsidethegardentoenjoyanewandgreatervista（远景）,andtoacquireafeelingofspaciousness,despitebeinginphysicallysmallspace.•Thecolorsofthemountainandthelightofthelakegatherinthisbuilding.•Thebuildinghasabsorbedapanoramic（全景）viewofthelandscapeallaround,agoodexampleof“borrowingadistantview.”JoyousLongevityHall,intheSummerPalace“Absorbentwindows”（漏窗）throughwhichthesightsofdifferentplacesinteract,thussettingthelandscapeofthegardeninmotion.Function:visitorsmayseedifferentangles,andthusthecompositionofthegardenbecomesinfinitelyenlarged.•PavilionsareanintegratedpartofChinesegardens.•Function:Todivertvisitors’attentionfromaviewinanlimitedspacetowardaviewoutintoaninfinitespace.•“Theboundlesslandscape/Convergesintoonepavilion.”“江山无限景，都聚一亭中。”TouringThroughaPaintingTheCanglangPavilion“Invaluablearethegentlebreezeandthebrightmoon,lovablearethedistantmountainsandthenearbyrivers.”TheidealofChineselandscapists-----Sittinginthepavilionandenjoyingitcansoothe（使平静）thesoulsofvisitors.ToenhanceasenseofspaceBorrowingscenery（借景）Dividingscenery（分景）Separatingscenery（隔景）Borrowingscenerywithamirror（镜借）Chinesegardendesignershaveadoptedavarietyofmethodstoarrange,organizeandcreatespace.Borrowingscenery•ThisisoneofthebasicprinciplesthatChineselandscapistsgenerallyadopt,andistheprincipleof“incorporating（混合，合并）backgroundlandscapeintothecompositionofagarden”.•Allofthemsuccessfullybreakthroughthebarrierofwallstointegrateinwardthelandscapesoutside.ThepagodaatopJadeSpringMountainLiangyiPavilion•ThenamesofmanybuildingsinChinesegardensreflectthisprincipleof“borrowingscenery”.•Thesenamessuggestthatthesesitesfunctiontobringnaturallandscapescloserfortheappreciationofvisitors.SmokeandRainHallHallforListeningtotheRainMoonandWindPavilionLotusandWindPavilionDividingscenery•Somescenerydividesthelandscapeintotwoparts.•Avisitorenjoysthedifferentsceneryonthetwosidesatthesametime.Separatingscenery•HarmonyGardenintheSummerPalace谐趣园•Itisagardenwithinagarden,thatisanindependentspaceinitselfyetalsoaspacedependentonalargerone.•Chineselandscapistsbelievethatthemoreseparatedaspaces,themorespaciousitbecomes,andthericherthefeelingsitevokesinvisitors.Borrowingscenerywithamirror•Hangingamirroroppositeawindowtoabsorbtheoutsidescenery.•Therealworldturnsintoavirtualworld.•“隔窗云雾生衣上，卷幔山泉入镜中”。•“帆影多从窗隙过，溪光合向镜中看”。•Apoolorlakeinagardenalsoservesthispurpose.Tosummarize:Whateverthemethodsused,everyeffortismadetoachievethepurposeofgivingvisitorsasenseofspaceinthegarden.Thisisanimportantandspecializedfieldtounderstand,ifonewantstotrulyappreciateChineseaesthetics.Thanks