将来时间表示法

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将来时间表示法1.表示将来时间的多种结构1)will/shall+不定式这一结构的主要意义,一是表示“预见”。例如:Youwillfeelbetteraftertakingthismedicine.He’llbehereinhalfanhour.Doyouthinkit’llrain?二是表示“意图”。例如:I’lldoit,ifyoulike.Astherailwayisnotyetopentotraffic,weshallgobyboat.Ipromisetopayhimbackintime,buthewon’tlendittome.I’llgoandseeTomassoonasIgettoShanghai.在疑问句中可以用will/shall征询听话人的意图:Willyoubeathomeatseveno’clockthisevening?WhatshallIdowithyourmail?上述用法都带有说话人的主观看法或态度在内。2)will/shall+不定式进行体/完成体这种结构表示“纯粹”的将来,不包含“意愿”、“意图”等情态意义,有“自然要发生”的意义。Thetrainwillbearrivingattwoo'clock.Ishallbewritingtoyousoon.Hewon’tbecomingtothepartythisevening.I’llbetellingyouallaboutitwhenwemeetagain.Willyoubegoinghomenextweekend?这种“will/shall+不定式进行体”结构还可以表示将来某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作。I’llbeworkinginGenevaduringMay.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrowmorning?如果要表示将来某一时刻之前业已完成的动作便可以用“will/shall+不定式完成体”结构。YouwillhavecompletedtheelementaryEnglishcoursebythistimenextyear.I’llhavefinishedmyworkbyfivethisafternoon.Beforelonghewillhaveforgottenallaboutit.ThesnowwillhavedisappearedbeforetheendofMarch.如果要表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在进行,便可用“will/shall+不定式完成进行体”结构。BytheendofnextmonthIshallhavebeenworkingherefor20yearsexactly.Ifitrainsagaintomorrow,thenitwillhavebeenrainingforasolidweek.“will+不定式进行体”,“will+不定式完成体”和“will+不定式完成进行体”这三种结构在一定语境中也可能并不表示将来,而仅仅表示说话人的揣测。It’salreadysixo’clock.Hewon’tbeworkingnow.六点了,大概不会在工作。Hurryup.Theywillbewaiting.快点,他们一定在等我们。Hewillhavereceivedmyletterbynow.这时他一定已经收到我的信了。Youwillhaveheardthenews,soIneednotrepeatit.你一定听到消息了,所以我没必要重复了。Theywillhavebeenhavingaholidayyesterday.昨天他们大概在度假。You’llhavebeenwonderingallthistimehowmyinventionworks.这些时候你们一定想知道我的发明是怎样工作的。3)begoingto+不定式这一结构的主要意义,一是表示“意图”,即打算在最近的将来或将来进行某事。例如:Areyougoingtopostthatletter?Howlongishegoingtostayhere?We’regoingtocallameetingtodiscussit.He’sgoingtobeadoctorwhenhegrowsup.用begoingto表示“意图”的用法,意图的体现者通常就是句子的主语,但也可能不是。例如:Thewallisgoingtobepaintedgreen.(=Weorsomebodyelseintendtopaintthewallgreen.)He’snotgoingtocheatmeagain.(=Iwon’tlethimcheatmeagain.)“begoingto+不定式”的另一意义是表示“预见”,即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。例如:Ifeeldizzy.IthinkI’mgoingtofaint.Goodheavens!Imusthurry.I’mgoingtobelate.Lookattheseblackclouds—there’sgoingtobeastorm.Georgeisputtingonweight.He’sgoingtobeveryfat.(见P.153)4)be+-ing(现在进行体)这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常用于位置转移的动词,如go,come,leave,start,arrive等,也可用于其它动态动词。如:We’releavingonFriday.ThePresidentiscomingtotheUNthisweek.Theplaneistakingoffat5:20.We’removingtoadifferenthotelthedayaftertomorrow.以上说的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”,即说话时刻之前已经决定了的安排。这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语,如果不带时间状语,则根据上下文表示最近即将发生的动作。例如:A:Whereareyougoing?B:I’mgoingforawalk.Areyoucomingwithme?A:Yes,I’mjustcoming.Waitforme.(其它详见P.154)5)beto+不定式这一结构的主要用法,一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作:IamtohaveteawithBettythisafternoon.There’stobeaninvestigation.Wherearewetostaytonight?常见于报纸和广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如:TheQueenistovisitJapannextyear.ThePrimeMinisteristospeakontelevisiontonight.二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如:Youaretostandhere.Doyouunderstand?Tellhershe’snottobebacklate.Thedictionaryisnottobehadhere.6)一般现在时这一结构主要用于表示根据规定、时间表预计要发生的动作或事态。常见于条件或时间状语分句,表示将来时间。例如:Ifshecomes,we’lltellher.I’llgiveittoyouafterIreturn.Itwon’tbelongbeforetherainstops.Waitheretillthemeetingisover.在主句中一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。例如:He’sinalldaySunday.Sheretiresnextmonth.TomorrowisSaturday.Thetermstartson23rdAugust.NextChristmasfallsonaThursday.Thetrainleavesat7:30thisevening.2.过去将来时间表示法1)would+不定式用“would+不定式”表示过去将来时间通常带有表示过去将来时间的状语,而且多见从属分句。例如:Hesaidhewouldcomebackthenextday.Weneverimaginedthathewouldbecomeadoctor.A:Shewashedthecar,didn’tshe?B:No,sheforgot.Butshesaidshe’dwashittomorrow.如果要表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作,可用“would+不定式进行体”。例如:Heneverimaginedthatsomedayhewouldbelivingawayfromhismotherland.HetoldhisfriendthatthistimenextyearhewouldbestudyingatStanford.如果表示在过去将来某时以前业已发生的事态,可用“would+不定式完成体”。例如:Thedelegationwouldhavearrivedby4:00thatafternoon.Hesaidhewouldhavefinishedhisthesisbytheendofnextmonth.如果要表示从过去某时开始一直持续到过去将来某时的动作或事态,可用“would+不定式完成进行体”。例如:HesaidthatbytheendofMayshewouldhavebeenstudyingmedicineforthreeyears.Bysixo’clockthatafternoon,theywouldhavebeencleaningthehouseforfivehours.2)was/weregoingto+不定式用“was/weregoingto+不定式”表示过去将来,也通常带有过去将来时间的状语。例如:Hesaidthathewasgoingtoliveinthecountrywhenheretired.Hewasgoingtoplaytennisthatafternoon.用“was/weregoingto+不定式”表示的动作或事态也可以是没有实现的意图。例如:LastSundayweweregoingtogoforapicnicbutitrained.IwasgoingtofinishmyarticlelastnightbutmyfriendarrivedsoIdidn’thavetime.3)was/wereto+不定式用“was/wereto+不定式”表示过去将来,通常指按过去的计划、安排在某个过去将来时间发生的事态。例如:AsIwastoleavethenextday,IwenttobedearlyonThursdayevening.Theywerenottogetawaywithitiftheycontinuedtoviolatethelaw.此外用“was/wereto+不定式”也可以表示以后不可避免要发生的事件。例如:Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingtheywerenevertomeetagain.Hereceivedablowonthehead.Itdidn’tworryhimatthetime,butitwastobeverytroublesomelater.4)过去进行体和一般过去时用过去进行体表示过去将来通常指按过去的计划、安排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态。例如:HesaidtheyweregoingonTuesday.Hehurriedintothecarriage.Thetrainwasleavingintwominutes.Hedidn’twanttoseethefilm,becausehewasplayingtennisintheafternoon.用一般过去时表示过去将来通常用于某些条件状语和时间状语分句。例如:Hesaidhewouldtellherallaboutitifhemether.Sh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