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grammar语法syntax句法morphology词法structure结构rank层次sentence句子clause从句phrase词组partofspeech词类word单词notionalword实词structruralword虚词noun名词propernoun专有名词commonnoun普通名词countablenoun可数名词uncountablenoun不可数名词abstractnoun抽象名词concretnoun具体名词materialnoun物质名词collectivenoun集体名词individualnoun个体名词preposition介词conjunction连词verb动词mainverb主动词transitiveverb及物动词intransitiveverb不及物动词linkverb系动词auxiliaryverb助动词modalverb情态动词regularverb规则动词irregularverb不规则动词phrasalverb短语动词finiteverb限定动词infiniteverb非限定动词causativeverb使役动词verbofsenses感官动词eventverb动态动词stateverb静态动词exclamation感叹词adjective形容词adverb副词adverbofmanner方式副词adverbofdegree程度副词adverboftime时间副词adverbofplace地点副词adjunct修饰性副词conjunct连接性副词interogativeadverb疑问副词relativeadverb关系副词pronoun代词personalpronoun人称代词possesivepronoun物主代词reflexivepronoun反身代词reciprocalpronoun相互代词demonstrativepronoun指示代词interrogativepronoun疑问代词relativepronoun关系代词indefinitepronoun不定代词possecivepronoun物主代词nominalpossesiveprnoun名词性物主代词adjectivalpossesivepronoun形容词性物主代词article冠词definitearticle定冠词indefinitearticle不定冠词numeral数词cardinalnumeral基数词ordinalnumeral序数词fractionalnumeral分数词form形式singularform单数形式pluralform复数形式finiteverbform限定动词non-finiteverbform非限定动词baseform原形clause从句subordinateclause从属句coordinateclause并列句nominalclause名词从句attributiveclause定语从句adverbialclause状语从句objectclause宾语从句subjectclause主语从句appositiveclause同位语从句adverbialclauseoftime时间状语从句adverbialclauseofplace地点状语从句adverbialclauseofmanner方式状语从句adverbialclauseofconcession让步状语从句adverbialclauseofcause原因状语从句adverbialclauseofresult结果状语从句adverbialclauseofpurpose目的状语从句adverbialclauseofcondition条件状语从句adverbialclauseofrealcondition真实条件状语从句adverbialclauseofunrealcondition非真实条件状语从句adverbialclauseofimpliedcondition含蓄条件句adverbialclauseofmixedcondition错综条件句sentence句子simplesentence简单句compoundsentence并列句complexsentence复合句compoundcomplexsentence并列复合句declarativesentence陈述句interrogativesentence疑问句generalquestion一般疑问句specialquestion特殊疑问句alternativequestion选择疑问句tagquestion附加疑问句disjunctivequestion反义疑问句rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问句exclamatoryquestion感叹疑问句existentialsentence存在句positivesentwence肯定句negativesentence否定句imperativesentence祈使句ellipticalsentence省略句exclamatorysentence感叹句basicsentencepatern基本句型membersofsentences句子成分subject主语predicate谓语object宾语dualobject双宾语directobject直接宾语indirectobject间接宾语complexobject复合宾语cognateobject同源宾语complement补语subjectcomplement主补objectcomplement宾补predicative表语attribute定语appositive同位语adverbial状语syntaticrelationship句法关系coordinate并列subordination从属modification修饰pre-modification前置修饰post-modification后置修饰restriction限制double-restriction双重限制non-restriction非限制number数singularform单数形式pluralform复数形式regularform规则形式irregularform不规则形式case格commoncase普通格possessivecase所有格nominativecase主格objectivecase宾格gender性masculine阳性feminine阴性common通性neuter中性person人称firstperson第一人称secondperson第二人称thirdperson第三人称tense时态pastfuturetense过去将来时pastfuturecontinuoustense过去将来进行时pastfutureperfecttense过去将来完成时presentsimpletense一般现在时pastsimpletense一般过去时futuresimpletense一般将来时pastperfecttense现在完成时presentperfecttense过去完成时futureperfecttense将来完成时presentcontinuoustense现在进行时pastcontinuoustense过去进行时futurecontinuoustense将来进行时pastfuturecontinuoustense过去将来进行时presentperfectcontinuoustense现在完成进行时pastperfectcontinuoustense过去完成进行时voice语态activevoice主动语态passivevoice被动语态mood语气indicativemood陈述语气imperativemood祈使语气subjunctivemood虚拟语气negation否定scopeofnegation否定范围fullnegation全部否定partialnegation局部否定shiftofnegation转移否定order语序naturalorder自然语序inversion倒装语序fullinversion全部倒装partialinversion部分倒装directspeech直接引语indirectspeech间接引语freedirectspeech自由直接引语freeindirectspeech自由间接引语agreement一致subject-predicateagreement主谓一致grammaticalagreement语法一致notionalagreement概念一致principleofproximity就近原则emphasis强调repetition重复pronunciation语音tone语调risingtone升调fallingtone降调falling-risingtone降升调style文体formal正式文体informal非正式文体spoken/oralEnglish口语formulisticexpression套语BritishEnglish英国英语AmericanEnglish美国英语usage用法emotionalcoloring感情色彩commendatory褒义derogatory贬义humorous幽默sarcastic讽刺ironic挖苦