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1243雷金玉TheAgeofRealism美国现实主义时期1865-1914LiteraryFeaturesLocalColorismRealismandtherepresentativewritersandtheirworksByStoneNaturalismandtherepresentativewritersandtheirworkscontent：SuplementByStoneLiteraryFeatures文学特点whatistheprinciple?----truthful----contemporaryissuesTheyintroducepeoplefromallwalksoflifeinsteadofwritingaboutthenoblityandgentryandthemiddle-class.ByStoneLocalColorism地方色彩主义RegionalvoiceshademergedfromnewlysettledterritoriesintheSouthandtothewestoftheAppalachan.LocalColorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.ByStoneRealism现实主义Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresandobjectsexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.Inreactiontoromanticism！Realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Writingfeature:accuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.ByStoneRepresentativewritersandtheirworksHeisthepioneerofAmericanrealismliterature.Hesaidthatfictionmustbetherealismistruetolife,reflectingthepossibilityofmotives.1837—1920威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯WilliamDeanHowellsnovelist，literarycritics，editorWORKS:AWorldofChance《机遇》AModernInstance《一个现代的例证》CriticismandFiction《批评与小说》ByStoneRepresentativewritersandtheirworks马克·吐温MarkTwain1835—1910novelistandoratorWORKS:LifeontheMississippi;TheAdventuresofTomSawyer;GildedAge;TheMillionPoundNoteHeisthefounderofcriticalrealismliteratureintheU.S.OurliteratureLincoln.threecharacteristicsofhisworks:fullofartisticimagination;usethefirstpersonIasthesubject;combinationofhumorandirony.ByStoneRepresentativewritersandtheirworks亨利·詹姆斯HenryJames1843—1916novelist,literarycritics,dramatistandessayistHetreatstherealasthebasicprincipleofrealismandprofoundlyrevealstheAmericanspiritandAmericanlife.WORKS:DaisyMiller《戴西·米勒》ThePortraitofaLady《贵妇人的画像》Bostonians《波士顿人》ByStoneNaturalism自然主义Itreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th-centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin'stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlmarx.ByStoneRepresentativewritersandtheirworks西奥多·德莱赛ThoedoreDreisernovelistandreporterHeisanaturalistandhisworksclosetopeople'slifefullingofthepassionsoflife,honestandbold.1871—1945WORKS:SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》AnAmericanTragedy《美国的悲剧》JennyGerhardt《珍妮姑娘》S.Whatisthedistinction?ByStoneRealism•concernoflifedirectly•givethesociologicalinsighttotheirworksNaturalism•applyscientifictheoryintoart•notaddinganamoralattitudetotheirwoeks•morepessimisticN.isevolvedfromR.whentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetachedandpessimistic,N.isanextremeformofR..Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.S.DaisyMiller《戴西·米勒》ByStone女主人公戴西随母亲和弟弟来欧洲旅游，她独立自主、热情纯真、活泼任性，蔑视传统的繁文缛节，坚持自我的生活方式，是詹姆士心目中典型的美国姑娘的缩影。在罗马和瑞士旅游时，由于她坚持我行我素，不顾欧洲礼节，不听在欧洲求学的美国青年温特伯恩的劝说，自由与男子交往，结果受到侨居欧洲的美国人社交圈的非议和排斥。后因她执意孤行，不慎患病身亡。临终前，她带信给温特伯恩，说她从未与任何人订婚。温特伯恩这才意识到戴西原来是个纯真的女孩。S.DaisyMiller《戴西·米勒》ByStoneComment:1.从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事，是对美国人的诽谤，尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯，同时因为书中老一辈人的形象问题，所以本书还威胁了美国父母对孩子施加影响和表现威信的权力。2.赞扬了美国人的纯真、诚实和对生活的热爱。戴西象征奋起反抗残忍复杂旧习俗和人情世故的新女性和新大陆追求自由和独立的精神。3.讽刺了侨居欧洲的美国人。戴西本人就是轻佻的市侩作风的代表，她母亲代表了简陋粗俗、缺乏教养的暴发户。S.SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》ByStone怀着对大城市的期望，嘉莉来到了芝加哥，姐姐家那寒酸和屈辱的环境让她不满现状，在这个时候，火车上遇见的杜洛埃出现了，他伸出慷慨之手，随后两人同居。眼下的生活和她原来梦想的有点儿相像。之后遇到酒店老板赫斯渥，很快坠入情网，过着饭来张口衣来伸手的生活，嘉莉这才看见梦境和现实的一致。后来酒店老板出事了，带嘉莉逃到纽约。落魄得像一条狗的酒店老板让她又一次体验到了什么叫艰辛。嘉莉在歌剧院找到了工作，她的美貌和天生一副好嗓子使她渐渐走红，渐渐富裕，而赫斯渥在她眼前，变得像一架破旧的生了锈的机器。她离开了赫斯渥，独自一个人过着荣华富贵的生活。赫斯渥逐步潦倒，最后自杀。S.SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》ByStone德莱塞的书中人物，大多挣扎在欲望和社会约束中。他认为，人与动物不同，因为人类有自由意志，可是人类又脱离不到原始的动物性。于是面对诱惑，人一方面受着动物性欲望的驱使，一方面却受制于理智和社会行为道德约束。就因为这样，人类才不断陷在总总矛盾和冲突中。S.SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》ByStone结尾的一段，很适合作为Carrie一生的总结：Oh,Carrie,Carrie!Oh,blindstrivingsofthehumanheart!Onward,onward,itsaith,andwherebeautyleads,thereitfollows.Whetheritbethetinkleofalonesheepbello'ersomequietlandscape,ortheglimmerofbeautyinsylvanplaces,ortheshowofsoulinsomepassingeye,theheartknowsandmakesanswer,following.Itiswhenthefeetwearyandhopeseemsvainthattheheartachesandthelongingsarise.Know,then,thatforyouisneithersurfeitnorcontent.Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindowdreaming,shallyoulong,alone.Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindow,shallyoudreamsuchhappinessasyoumayneverfeel.ByStoneThanks