美国文学现实主义文学

PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Requirements:1.ClassAttendance2.Preparatoryworkandafter-classreadingPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)I.HistoricalIntroductionII.LiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarIII.TheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryIV.RiseoftheAmericanNovelV.LiteratureontheBlackPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)HistoricalOverview1.TheCivilWar2.thedevelopmentofrailroads3.thespreadofindustrialism4.thefrontierPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Thegildedage镀金时代:seeminglyprosperoussociety;anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyaddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthopePartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井,这幅图画展示的就是“镀金时代”的景象PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)1.AmericanRealism2.AmericanNaturalism3.LocalColorismIILiteraryMovementsbetweentheCivilWarandtheFirstWorldWarPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Realism:amodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingor“reflecting”faithfullyanactualwayoflife.Moderncriticismfrequentlyinsiststhatrealismisnotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelikeillusionofsome“real”worldoutsidethetext,byprocessesofselection,exclusion,description,andmannersofaddressingthereader.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLiteraryTerms)PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Emphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realistsseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences.Theyexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.Realismisembeddedinamimetictheoryofart.Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.FeaturesofRealismPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)RepresentativesofAmericanRealismMarkTwain马克·吐温WilliamDeanHowells威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯1.AmericanRealismPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2.AmericanNaturalismNaturalismisamoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)FeaturesofAmericanNaturalismApost-Darwinianmovement(thesurvivalofthefittest)ofthelate19thcenturyNaturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminationtofiction.Theworldisamoral;Menandwomenhavenofreewill;theirlivesarecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironmentReligious“truths”areillusoryThedestinyofhumanityismiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.(pessimismanddeterministicideas)2.AmericanNaturalismPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)2.1ThemajorwritersofAmericanNaturalismStephenCrane斯蒂芬·克莱恩FrankNorris弗兰克·诺里斯JackLondon杰克·伦敦HenryAdams亨利·亚当斯TheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞2.AmericanNaturalismPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)LocalColorismLocalcolorismisdependentuponaspecificgeographicallocation.Localcoloristsgiveemphasistothelocaldetailsbytappingintoitsfolklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefsandspeech.Dialectspeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.Theytendtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.MarkTwainPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)1.WaltWhitman2.EmilyDickinsonIIITheEstablishmentofAmericanPoetryPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)I.ReputationOneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets“AnAmericanbardatlast!Oneoftheroughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,andbreeding,hiscostumemanlyandfree,hisfacesunburntandbearded,hisposturesstronganderect”(from“LeavesofGrass”1stedition)WaltWhitman沃尔特.惠特曼(1819-1892)PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II.LifeStory1819BornonLongIsland(长岛),NewYork(hisparentswerepoorandsemiliterate)1830Beganworkingasanofficeboyinalawfirm,thenforadoctor(hehadonlyfiveorsixyearsofformalschooling,butthroughprivatereadinghebecamewelleducated)1836-1841Workedasanelementaryschoolteacher1842BecameeditorofTheNewYorkAurora1848MakeasojournintheSouthPartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)II.LifeStory1855self-publishedthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrassDuringtheCivilWaracorrespondentforTheNewYorkTimesandavolunteernurseinarmyhospitals1884Withthemoneyfromthe6theditionhewasabletobuyhisownhouse1892diedatCamden(AcityofwesternNewJersey)Hewaspoorallhislifeandnevermarried.PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)III.HisMajorContribution1.Centeredonideasofdemocracy,equality,andbrotherhood.Why?Whitman’slifetimesawtheCivilWarandwitnessedboththeapex(顶点)andtheabolitionofslavery.2.DevelopatypeofpoetrythatwasuniquelyAmerican,thatbothsurpassedandbrokethemoldofitspredecessors.(freeverse)Why?InresponsetotheriseoftheUnitedStatesasacommercialandpoliticalpowerintheworld.PartIVTheLiteratureofRealism美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)Freeverseisrhymedorunrhymedpoetryfreefromconventionalrulesofmeter;instead,itusesthecadences(抑扬顿挫)ofnaturalspeech.Whitmancreatedarhythmthatcorrespondstothevibrancyandflowofhisemotionsandsensoryperceptions.Whitmanpioneered“fr