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1.静息电位的形成2.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制3.一个人大量发汗并没有补充水分，尿量的变化和变化原因4.基底神经核在调解动作中的作用。名词10个：PositivefeedbackGFRRespirationmembraneNonspecificprojectionsystemInwardretificationHemostasisSymportPhotopicVisionBEWHepothalumusregulationpeptide大题四个1.Threshold,thresholdstimulus,stimuluspotential的各个定义以及联系2.描述心动周期中心室的volume，pressure，以及动脉pressure的变化3.描述胃的头期分泌的特点。3.描述spinalcord的牵张反射。TerminalExaminationofPhysiologyforEnglishClassI.SelecttheCorrectAnswer(1markeach,40intotal)1.Extracellularfluidwastermed“InternalEnvironment”ofthehumanbodybyA.ClaudeBernardB.HarveyC.PavlovD.HodgkinE.Cannon2.Inactivationofthesodium-potassiumpumpwillcauseA.AnincreaseinintracellularvolumeB.AnincreaseinintracellularK+concentrationC.HyperpolarizationofmembranepotentialD.IncreaseintheexcitabilityofnervecellE.Anincreaseinflowofsodiumoutofcell3.DepolarizationofanaxonisproducedbyA.InwarddiffusionofNa+B.ActiveextrusionofK+C.OutwarddiffusionofK+D.InwardactivetransportofNa+E.InwarddiffusionofCa2+4.Whichoneofthefollowingprocessesisnotincludedinacrossbridgecycle?A.MyosinheadisenergizedB.B.AttachmentofcrossbridgetoactinC.PowerstrokecausescontractionD.DetachmentsofheadsfromactinE.Excitationcausesfilamentsliding5.Whichoneofthefollowingisnottheeffectofpreloadonmusclecontraction?A.Inalimitedrange,tensioncausedbyisometriccontractionincreaseswiththelength.B.AtoptimalinitiallengthamaximumtensionisdevelopedC.TensiondeclineswhenthelengthisshorterthanoptimalinitiallengthD.TensionincreaseswhenthelengthislongerthanoptimalinitiallengthE.Maximalactivetensiondevelopedatlength2~2.2μmofsarcomere6.Whichofthefollowingwouldcauseadecreaseinstrokevolume:A．blocktheconductionofthevagusnerveB．stimulationofthesympatheticnervestotheheartC．decreaseofthepressureinthecarotidsinusD．anincreaseintheend-diastolicpressureE．fromlyingpositiontouprightposition7.Ifapersonhasanarterialpressureof125/75mmHg,A.Thepulsepressureis40mmHgB.Themeanarterialpressureis92mmHgC.Diastolicpressureis80mmHgD.Systolicpressureis120mmHgE.Themeanarterialpressureis100mmHg8.Ofthefollowingsubstances,whichhasaneffectonvascularresistancethatisoppositetotheeffectoftheothers?A.vasopressinB.bradykininB.norepinephrineD.angiotensionE.noneoftheabove9.ThemembranepotentialofaventricularmyocardiumisclosesttoequilibriumpotentialofK+duringA.Phase0oftheactionpotentialB.Phase2oftheactionpotentialC.Phase3oftheactionpotentialD.Phase4oftheactionpotentialE.Theeffectiverefractoryperiod10.WhichofthefollowingagentsorchangeshasanegativeinotropiceffectontheheartA.IncreasedheartrateB.SympatheticstimulationC.NorepinephrineD.AcetylcholineE.Cardiacglycosides11.MinimumaorticpressureduringthecardiaccycleisattainedA.immediatelyafterclosureoftheaorticsemilunarvalveB.immediatelybeforeopeningoftheaorticsemilunarvalveC.immediatelybeforeopeningoftheatrioventricularvalvesD.inmid-diastoleE.noneoftheabove12.Ifyouknowthestrokevolume,theonlyotherthingyouneedtoknowtobeabletodeterminethecardiacoutputisA.heartrateB.afterloadC.preloadD.ventricularcontractilityE.end-systolicvolume13.ThemainreasonoftheformationofintrapleuralnegativepressureisA.ElasticrecoilforceofthelungB.SurfacetensionC.AirwayresistanceD.ContractionoftheinspiratorymusclesE.Intrapulmonarypressure14.Whichofthefollowinginarterialbloodexertsthemostimportantcontrolonventilationundernormalconditions?A.PO2,B.PCO2,C.pHD.2,3-DPGE.PCO15.AlackofnormalsurfactantwillresultinA.IncreasedlungcomplianceB.StabilizationofalveolarvolumeC.IncreasedretractiveforceofthelungsD.Reducedalveolar-arterialO2tensiondifferenceE.IncreasedpartialpressureofO2inblood16.Whichofthefollowingshifttheoxygen-hemoglobindissociationcurvetotheright?A.ReductionintemperatureB.ReductioninpHC.ReductioninPCO2D.Reductionin2,3-diphosphoglycerateintheredbloodcellE.ReductioninPCO17.WhensurroundingtemperatureisgreaterthantheskintemperaturetheonlymeansbywhichthebodycanlosesheatisA.RadiationB.ConductionC.ConvectionD.EvaporationE.Brownfattissue18.Whichofthefollowingisnotasignificantfunctionofthestomach?A.shorttermstorageofingestedfoodB.releaseofchymeintothesmallintestineC.mixingandliquefactionoffoodD.initiationofproteindigestionE.absorptionofaminoacids19.WhichofthefollowingenzymeswouldyouexpecttobemostactiveinanenvironmentwherethepHwas2.0?Whatisthesubstrateforthisenzyme?A.pepsin,starchB.trypsin,proteinC.amylase,starchD.pepsin,proteinE.enterokinase,neutralfat20.Duringdigestion,thesmallintestineisfloodedwithproteolyticenzymessuchastrypsin.Whatisthesourceoftrypsin(actuallysecretedastrypsinogen)?A.salivaryglandsandgastricepitheliumB.hepatocytesC.gastricepithelialcellsD.bileductepithelialcellsE.pancreaticexocrinecells21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheentericnervoussystemistrue?A.itfunctionsbothautonomouslyandbycommunicationwiththecentralnervoussystemB.it'sneuronsareembeddedinthetunicamucosaC.itcontrolssecretion,buthasnoeffectonmotilityintheintestineD.itinnervatestheesophagusandstomach,butnottheintestinesE.it’snotcommunicatedwiththecentralnervous22.Themaindifferencebetweenprimaryurineandbloodplasmais:A.Glucoseconcentration.B.Crystalosmoticpressure.C.NaClconcentra