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...工程造价毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：ConstructionStandardsandCostsUCIrvinenewconstructionpursuesperformancegoalsandappliesqualitystandardsthataffectthecostsofcapitalprojects.Periodicre-examinationofthesegoalsandstandardsiswarranted.Constructioncostsarenot“high”or“low”intheabstract,butratherinrelationtospecificqualitystandardsandthedesignsolutions,means,andmethodsusedtoattainthesestandards.Thus,evaluatingwhetherconstructioncostsareappropriateinvolves:•first,determiningwhetherqualitystandardsareexcessive,insufficient,orappropriate;•second,determiningwhetherresultantprojectcostsarereasonablecomparedtoprojectswithessentiallythesamequalityparameters.“Quality”encompassesthedurabilityofbuildingsystemsandfinishes;therobustnessandlife-cycleperformanceofbuildingsystems;theaestheticsofmaterials,theircomposition,andtheirdetailing;andtheresource-sustainabilityandefficiencyofthebuildingasanoverallsystem.OverallGoalsandQualityStandardsUCIrvine,inordertosupportdistinguishedresearchandacademicprograms,buildsfacilitiesofhighquality.Assuch,UCIrvine’sfacilitiesaimtoconveythe“lookandfeel,”aswellasembodytheinherentconstructionquality,ofthebestfacilitiesofotherUCcampuses,leadingpublicuniversities,andotherresearchinstitutionswithwhom...wecompeteforfaculty,students,sponsoredresearch,andgeneralreputation.Since1992,newbuildingshavebeendesignedtoachievethesefivebroadgoals:1.Newbuildingsmust“createaplace,”ratherthanconstitutestand-alonestructures,formingsocial,aesthetic,contextually-sensitiverelationshipswithneighboringbuildingsandthelargercampus.2.Newbuildingsreinforceaconsistentdesignframeworkofclassicalcontextualarchitecture,appliedinwaysthatconveyafeelingofpermanenceandqualityandinterpretedinwaysthatmeetthecontemporaryandchangingneedsofamodernresearchuniversity.3.Newbuildingsemploymaterials,systems,anddesignfeaturesthatwillavoidtheexpenseofmajormaintenance(definedas1percentofvalue)fortwentyyears.4.Newbuildingsapply“sustainability”principles--notably,outperformingTitle24(California’senergycode)byatleast20percent.5.Capitalconstructionprojectsaredesignedanddeliveredwithintheapprovedprojectbudget,scope,andschedule.UCIrvine’sgoalsforsustainablematerialsandenergyperformancewereadoptedpartlyforenvironmentalreasons,andpartlytoreversesubstantialoperatingbudgetdeficits.Thelatterproblemsincludedamulti-milliondollarutilitiesdeficitthatwasgrowingrapidlyintheearly‘90s,andmillionsofdollarsofunfundedmajormaintenancethatwasemergingprematurelyinbuildingsonly10-20yearsold.Withoutthequalityandperformancestandardsadoptedin1992,utilitiesdeficitsandunfundedmajormaintenancecostswouldhaveexceeded$20millionduringthepastdecade,andthesecostswouldstillberisingout-of-control.UCIrvine’smaterialsstandards,buildingsystemsstandards,...sustainabilityandenergyefficiencycriteria,andsiteimprovementsalladdcostincrementsthatcanonlybeaffordedthroughaggressivecostmanagement.Institutionsthatcannotmanagecapitalcoststendtobuildprojectsthatconsumeexcessiveenergy,thatcostalottomaintain,thatsufferprematuremajormaintenancecosts,andthatrequirehighcoststomodify.Suchproblemstendtocompoundandspiraldownwardintoincreasinglycostlyconsequences.Everyadministratorwithfacilitiesexperienceunderstandsthisdynamic.Withouteffectiveconstructioncostmanagement,qualitywouldsufferandUCIrvinewouldexperiencealloftheseproblems.Thebalanceofthisdocumentoutlinesingreaterdetailthebuildingperformancecriteriaandqualitystandardsgenerallystatedabove,organizedaccordingtobuildingsystemscomponentclasses.Eachsectiondiscusseskeycost-drivers,cost-controlstrategies,andimportantcosttrade-offs.Designpracticescitedareconsistentlyapplied(althoughsomefallshortofhardandfast“rules”).BuildingOrganizationandMassingConstructioncostmanagementstartswiththefundamentalsofbuildingorganizationandmassing.UCIrvine’snewstructures’floorplatestendtohavelength-to-widthratios1.5,toavoidtriggeringdisproportionatecostsofexternalcladding,circulation,andhorizontalmechanicaldistribution.Ournewbuildingstendtobeatleastthreefloorshigh--talleriffloorplateareasdonotdipbelowacost-effectivethreshold,andgenerallytallerinthecaseofnon-laboratorybuildings(butnotsotallthatahigh-risecostpenaltyisincurred).Otherdesignratiosareobserved,suchasexteriorcladdingarea/floorarea0.5,androof+foundationarea/floorarea0.4.Architecturalarticulationisgenerallyachievedthroughtexturedorenrichedmaterials,integralmaterialdetailing(suchasconcretereveal...patterning),andapplieddetailing(e.g.,2windowframesandsills),particularlyatthebuildingbase.Large-scalearticulationisconcentratedattheroofline(e.g.,shapedroofforms)andatthepedestrianlevel(e.g.,arcades),whereitwill“createthebiggestbangforthebuck,”ratherthanthroughmodulatingthebuildingform,itself.Thisismorethanasubtledesignphilosophy,asthecostimpactissubstantial.Labbuildingscompletedinthepastdecadeseparatelaboratoryandnon-laboratoryfunctionsintodistinct,adjoinedstructures(althoughsuchabuildingmaylooklikeonestructure).Consolidatednon-laboratoryfunctionsincludefaculty,departmental,staff,post-doc,andgraduatestudentoffices;restrooms;circulation(e