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词性和句子成分2011年9月十大词类：根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用，把英语单词分为10个类别，即：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。根据部分词类具有的共同特征，又将十大词类分为两大部分，即：实词和虚词实词：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。特征：具有完整的词义；能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。特征：没有完整的意思；不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分，必须和实词搭配，才能充当句子成分。预备知识点一：词类概述词类英语名称作用例词名词n.代词pron.数词num.副词adv.形容词adj.动词v.冠词art.介词prep.连词conj.感叹词interj.词类英语名称作用例词名词n.表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book代词pron.代替名词或数词you,that,some,afew数词num.表示数量或顺序one,two,first副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其它副词very,quickly,often,here形容词adj.修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,动词v.表动作或状态walk,run,study,be冠词art.用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用a,an,the介词prep.用在名词、代词或数词前表示和句中其它词的关系in,on,at,behind,from连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句and,but,if,or感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气oh,er,ough,um，ouch实词名称英语名称用途例词句法作用名词n.（noun）表示人或事物的名称boy,book,table,man主、表、宾、补、定、同代词pron.（pronoun）代替名词、形容词或数词I,you,it,we,their主、表、补、定、同数词num.（numeral）表示数量和顺序one,two,third,twenty,fifth主、表、宾、定、同副词adv.（adverb）修饰动词、形容词或其他副词here,very,often,weekly表、状形容词adj（adjective）修饰名词，表示人、物的特征red,long,old,good表、定、宾补动词v.（verb）表示动作或状态work,live，spend，visit谓语一、句子成分概述：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语的句子最多由八个句子成分组成，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。注：主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。•主语：subjectS•谓语：predicateV•宾语：objectO•表语：predicative•定语：attributive•宾语补足语：objectcomplement•状语：adverbial找出句子中的主语•1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.3.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.4.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.5.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.6.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.7.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.1.一般位于句首,动作的发出者。2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。•1.Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.•2.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.3.Hehascaughtabadcold.•4.Wearestudents.•谓语：•1.主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。•2.谓语由动词或动词词组充当。系动词加表语可构成谓语。•1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.•2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.•3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.•4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.•5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.•7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.•8.Lendmeyourdictionary,please.•9.Theygavemesomemoney.•宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词（vt.）和介词（prep.）后面。1.HisfathernamedhimDongMing.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.宾语补足语•1.对宾语起补充说明作用，使句子意义完整。•2.结构：Vt+宾语+宾补（如make等+宾语+宾补）•3.宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。•1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.•2.Isityours?•3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.•4.Thespeechisexciting.•5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?•6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.•7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.•8.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.•9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.•10.Thetruthisthatheislying.•表语：1.一般位于系动词后（be动词，五大感官动词，变化v，保持v)。•2.表语一般由名词、形容词表示。Theweatherhasturnedcold.HishobbyisplayingfootballHis1.GuiLinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirstonetoentertheclassroom.6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.•定语：1.修饰名词或代词，起限定，具体说明的作用•2.在汉语中常用“….的”来表示。状语1.用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等。•状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）•同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明的成分。如：•Westudentsshouldstudyhard.•Weallarestudents.•Thenewsthatwewonthefirstexcitedus.练习说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分1.Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.2.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.3.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.4.Hebrokeapieceofglass.5.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.主谓语宾语定语主语谓语谓语谓语主主主定语宾语宾语状语定语宾语表语•分析句子成分（定状补同位）：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.•2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.•3Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train•4Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue••5Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.•6Hisfavoritesport,playingvolleyball,takesmostofhissparetime.定语时间状语定语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句宾语补足语定语定语同位语1WhentohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.2Hehascaughtabadcold.3Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.4Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.5Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.6Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.7Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.主语(subject)谓语(predicate)表语(predicative)宾语object宾语补足语objectcomplement定语attributive状语adverbial句子的分类（按用途划分）：陈述句;疑问句;祈使句;感叹句Doyoulikefootball?TomcanspeakgoodEnglish.Tomgetsupearlyeveryday.Whatacleverboyheis!Don’twasteyourtime!Howbeautifulsheis！Givemeapieceofpaper!•按句子的结构可分三种：•1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。•HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.•Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2）并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成•Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.•Thefutureisbrig