初中英语词性讲解

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词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1名词noun2代词pronoun3形容词adjective4副词adverb5动词verb6数词numeral7冠词article8介词preposition9连词conjunction10感叹词interjectionstudentYouhappyquicklycutthreeaatandoh实词虚词名词NOUN概念:是表示人,事物,抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义,名词可划分为:专有名词和普通名词专有名词:指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Tony托尼Japan日本Mr.Black布莱克先生August八月Monday星期一theGreatWall长城Christmas圣诞节English英语ATaleofTwoCities双城记普通名词:表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如:表一类人:pupil,police,woman,boy,father;表物:box,tree,orange,water,computer;表抽象:happiness,trouble,pleasure,love,life,etc.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。(1)个体名词。如:cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如:class,team,family等。一般可数,有单复数形式(3)物质名词。如:rice,water,cotton等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如:love,work,life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。英语可数名词单复数规则变化:一般情况词尾加s。如:map→maps,boy→boys,horse→horses,table→tables.(在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/)s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes,box→boxes,dish→dishes,match→matches.读/iz/规则变化:以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families,city→cities,baby→babies.以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接词尾加s。如:toy→toys,holiday→holidays以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives,knife→knives,wife→wives,leaf→leaves,thief→thieves.例外:roof→roofs规则变化:以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,词尾加es;如:tomato→tomatoespotato→potatoeshero→heroes以元音字母+o结尾的名词,直接词尾加s。如:piano→pianosphoto→photosradio→radioszoo→zoos不规则变化:有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如:child---childrenmouse---miceman—menwoman—women妇女tooth—teethfoot—feet有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如;deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,people,yuan但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式,adollar,twodollars注意:一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,在构成复数时,与man,woman的变化形式相同。如:policeman→policemen,Englishman→Englishmen,Frenchman→Frenchmen.中日不变英法变其余s加后面名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes英语不可数名词不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:abagofrice→twobagsofrice,apieceofpaper→threepiecesofpaper,abottleofmilk→fivebottlesofmilk.名词的所有格1.不以s结尾的名词所有格:theboy'sbag,men'sroom2.以-s结尾的名词所有格:Teachers'Day3.职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点thebarber’s,MrGreen’s,thedoctor’s(office),myuncle’s(house)4.并列名词不共有:John'sandMary'srooms(两间)并列名词共有:JohnandMary'sroom5.时间、距离、地点fiveminutes'walk;tenmeters'long;theworld'spopulation6.抽象名词后用“of+宾格”作定语;themusicofthefilm;thehelpofhim(Lucy);thedevelopmentofChina;thedoorofthehouse7.多重所有格突出局部afriendofLucy’smother’s;twoclassmatesofmysister's8.“of+宾格”与“of+所有格”含意不同:thephotoofmyfather我爸爸的肖像thephotoofmine我(所有的)照片数词Numeral概念:数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分基数词和序数词两种。☆表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,如:one,ten,fifteen等;☆表示数目顺序的词叫序数词,如:fifth,second,twelfth等。一.基数词基数词的用法:(1)几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”连接。如:eighty-five85twenty-six26(2)三位数的基数词须在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间用and连接。如:threehundredandsixty-five365twohundredandsix206(3)基数词的复数形式。表示具体数目,hundred,thousand,million不用复数表示不确定数目,用复数。即hundredsof(数百),thousandsof(数千),millionsof(数百万)+名词复数,可以用many/several修饰,但不能与具体数目连用。1)Ourcountryhasapopulationof1,300millionpeople.2)Therearethreethousandstudentsinourschool.3)Afterthewar,thousandsofpeoplebecamehomeless.4)Several/Manythousandsoftreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.(4)“几十”的复数形式可以表示:几十多岁----in+one’s+数词复数年代----in+the+数词复数inthe1990’s20世纪90年代inone’stwenties在某人20多岁时eg.Hediedinhisforties.四十多岁Inthenineties,mostpeoplegotoworkbybike.90年代(5)“基数词+名词”的合成形容词作定语,中间有连字符“-”,当中的名词用单数。a3–year–oldgirlaseven-dayholiday(6)表计量--“基数词+度量单位+形容词”eg.Theclassroomis7meterslong,6meterswideand3metershigh.序数词的用法:(1)序数词作定语,前面要加the;Thefirsttruckiscarryingafoodbasket.Johnlivesonthefifteenthfloor.SheismyfirstEnglishteacher.(2)有时加a/an,“再一”,“又一”的意思;We’llhavetodoitasecondtime.ShallIaskhimathirdtime?WhenIsatdown,afourthmanrosetospeak.Theyhadasecondchildin1988.二.序数词编号在前,名词在后,用序数词,前面有the编号在后,名词在前,用基数词,注意首字母大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读第一课第32页第305房间第12路公共汽车theFirstLessonLessonOnethethirty-secondpagePageThirty-twoRoom305BusNo.121、编号表示法2.分数表示法分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1时,分母加-s。1/4one-fourtha(one)quarter3/4three-fourthsthreequarters2/3two-thirds1/2a(one)half半年halfayear半小时halfanhour一年半oneandahalfyearsoneyearandahalf分数修饰名词时,后用of短语。如:1/3onethirdofteachers3/7threeseventhsoftheboys3.年份、日期、时刻表达法年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in日用序数词表示,介词用on1999nineteenninety-nine2008twothousandandeight1949年10月1日读作:October(the)first,nineteenforty-nine(月-日,年)thefirstofOctober,nineteenforty-nine(日-月,年)写作:October1st,1999(日用缩写,月-日-年)October1,1999(日用数字)1stOctober,1999日-月,年-HowmanypeoplewillcometoBeijingnextyear?-It’shardtosay,________people,Ithink.A.millionofB.millionsofC.threemillionsD.threemillionsofAbout________studentsinourclasscandescribethatplaceinEnglish.A.three-fifthsB.three-fifthC.third-fiveD.third-fifthsBAWhichofthefollowingiswrong?________.A.Heisafifteen-year-oldboy.B.Heisattheageof15.C.Heisaboyof15.D.Heisfifteenyearold.Therewasnobusinthatsmalltown.Wehada________.A.tenmileswalkB.ten-milewalkC.tenmile'swalkD.tenthmilewalkDBW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