Chapter2-General-Methods-for-Phytochemical-Investi

LOGOChapter2GeneralMet[e-mail]Tobeclassifiedaccordingtostructuraltypes:sugars糖类glycosides苷类quinones醌类phenylpropanoids(coumarins,lignans)苯丙素类flavonoids黄酮类terpenoidsandvolatileoils萜和挥发油alkaloids生物碱steroids甾体saponins皂苷(triterpenoidsaponins,steroidalsaponins)tannins鞣质CompanyLogo(aplant,ananimal,oramicroorganism)leadingtovarioustypesofcompounds.Primarymetabolites:necessaryforthesurvivaloftheorganisms.Secondarymetabolites:productsofoverflow（进一步）metabolismasaresultofnutrientlimitation,shuntmetabolism（支路代谢）producedduringidiophase（繁殖期）,defensemechanismregulatormolecules,etc.*smallmolecules(MW2000amu)*notstrictlynecessaryforthesurvivaloforganisms,butrepresentthecharactersoftheorganismandpharmacologicallyactive*theobjectsofnaturalproductsresearchCompanyLogoAcetate-malonatepathway(AA-MA):Toproduce:fattyacids,phenols,quinonesThebuildingblocks:acetylcoenzymeA(acetyl-CoA)malonyl-CoA(丙二酸单酰辅酶A)propyonyl-CoA(丙酰辅酶A)isobutyryl-CoA(异丁酰辅酶A)Reactions：condensation（缩合）；reduction（还原）2.MetabolicpathwaysCompanyLogoMevalonicacidpathway(MVA):Toproduce:terpenoids,steroidsThebuildingblocks:acetylcoenzymeA(acetyl-CoA)mevalonicacidReactions：condensation（缩合）；reduction（还原）HOOCOHHOCompanyLogoShikimicacidpathway:Toproduce:C6-C3compounds(lignans,coumarins)C6-C2orC6-C1compounds(cinnamicacidderivatives)Thebuildingblocks:phosphoenolpyruvate（丙酮酸磷酸酯）shikimicacidReactions：condensation（缩合）；oxidation（氧化）COOHOHOHHOCompanyLogoAminoacidpathway:Toproduce:alkaloidsThebuildingblocks:phenylalanine（苯丙氨酸）:Reactions：condensation（缩合）；oxidation（氧化）；reduction（还原）；COOHNH2HCompanyLogoComplexpathway:flavanone（二氢黄酮）chalcone（查耳酮）terpenoidalkaloids（萜类生物碱）CompanyLogo脂肪酸、酚、醌甲戊二羟酸途径乙酰辅酶A萜、甾莽草酸途径丙酮酸磷酸酯C6-C3、C6-C2、C6-C1氨基酸途径苯丙氨酸生物碱复合途径黄酮某些萜类生物碱CompanyLogo(SFE)CO2(31.4℃)PolarityMolwtOthersSublimationCompressionGrindMicrowaveUltrasonicExtractionMethodsCompanyLogo（煎煮）soakage（浸渍）percolation（渗滤）reflux（回流）successivereflux（连续回流）TheclassofthesolventinpharmaceuticalproductspolarityImmisciblewithwaterCompanyLogo提取方法特点适用成分浸渍法（1）不加热（2）时间长、效率低（1）遇热易破坏（2）挥发性成分（3）含多糖较多的中药渗漉法（1）不加热（2）上下液面保持浓度差、效率高（3）以水或乙醇为溶剂极性大的成分煎煮法（1）加热（2）操作简便（3）大部分成分均可被提出（1）不含挥发性成分（2）对热稳定（3）含多糖较少回流提取法（1）反复进行（2）效率高对热稳定的成分连续回流提取法（1）节约溶剂（2）操作简便（3）效率更高对热稳定的成分Solvent?CompanyLogo分馏法Sublimation升华法Membrane膜分离法Dialysis透析chromatographyIsolationMethodsSolvent：SolubilityvarywithTNoreactionBoilingpointCompanyLogo酸碱溶剂法Acidicoralkaline5%NaHCO35%Na2CO31%NaOH5%NaOH溶剂分配法Polaritypetroleumetherchloroformethylacetate1-butanolSolventseparationIsolationMethods---SolventCompanyLogo（alkaloids）（polar)acidification1%Na2CO3ethyletherethyletheraqueousEtOAc(acids)acidification（nonpolar）EtOAcEtOAc（phenols）CompanyLogo：affinityforthesorbentsilicaaluminapolyamideMostofBasic;NonpolarPhenols;QuinonesAbsorptionChromatographyAbsorbentsConstituentsPolarcompoundshaveahigheraffinityforsilicaandmoveslowlyuptheTLCplate.TheyhavesmallRfvalues.Nonpolarcompounds;lessaffinity;quickly;largerRfval