MLA 体例

MLA2009FormattingandStyleGuideMLA2009格式及风格指南Overview概述•Thispresentationwillcover:–2009updatestoMLA–GeneralMLAguidelines–Firstpageformat–Sectionheadings–In-textcitations–Formattingquotations–WorksCitedpage包括2009年对MLA的更新MLA的标准指南首页格式章节标题文内引用格式引用著作引用页WhatisMLA?MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation)styleformattingisoftenusedinvariousHumanitiesdisciplinesMLA格式（现代语言协会）在人文学科中很常用。WhatdoesMLAregulate?MLAregulates:DocumentFormatIn-textcitationsWorksCited(alistofallsourcesusedinthepaper)MLA规范的三大基本方面：文档格式、文内引用、著作引用（论文引述来源）MLAUpdate20092009changesinMLA:NomoreUnderlining(onlyuseitalics)PublicationMedium(e.g.Print,Web,etc.)NewAbbreviations(e.g.“N.p.”for“nopublishergiven”)2009年，对MLA作了如下改变：没有下划线（只用斜体）出版传媒（如：印刷、网站）新的缩写语：如N.p代表未提供出版商YourInstructorKnowsBest#1Ruleforanyformattingstyle:AlwaysFollowyourinstructor’sGuidelines始终遵循导师的建议Format:GeneralGuidelines总则Typeonwhite8.5”x11”paper页面大小8.5”x11”Double-spaceeverything双倍行距Use12pt.TimesNewRomanfont(orsimilarfont)字体为TimesNewRoman，或者与其相似的字体，字号10-12Leaveonlyonespaceafterpunctuation标点符号后空一格Setallmarginsto1inchonallsides页边距：上下左右均为1英寸Indentthefirstlineofparagraphsonehalf-inch段落首行缩进0.5英寸Format:GeneralGuidelines(continued)总则（续）Headerwithpagenumbersintheupperrightcorner页眉及页码在页面右上方Useitalicsfortitles标题斜体EndnotesgoonaseparatepagebeforeyourWorksCitedpage尾注单独写一页，在著作引用前一页Formattingthe1stPage格式第一页NotitlepageDoublespaceeverythingIntheupperleftcornerofthe1stpage,listyourname,yourinstructor'sname,thecourse,anddateCenterthepapertitle(usestandardcapsbutnounderlining,italics,quote,orbold)Createaheaderintheupperrightcornerathalfinchfromthetopandoneinchfromtherightofthepage(includeyourlastnameandpagenumber)无标题页；双倍行距第一页左上方，写上姓名，导师姓名，课程名，日期论文标题居中（使用标准大写，无下划线，斜体，引用，粗体）页面右上方加页眉，包括姓，页码（距页面上方0.5英寸，距页面右边1英寸）Sample1stPage第一页样例FormattingSectionHeadings章节标题格式Headingsaregenerallyoptional可选择Headingsinessaysshouldbenumbered章节标题应编号Headingsshouldbeconsistentingrammarandformattingbutareotherwiseuptoyou章节标题在语法和格式上保持一致，取决于个人SampleSectionHeadings章节标题样例Numbered(allflushleftwithnounderlining,bold,oritalics):编号（左对齐，无下划线，粗体，斜体）1.SoilConservation1.1Erosion1.2Terracing2.WaterConservation3.EnergyConservationUnnumbered(bylevel):无编号Level1Heading:bold,flushleftLevel2Heading:italics,flushleftLevel3Heading:centered,boldLevel4Heading:centered,italicsLevel5Heading:underlined,flushleftIn-TextCitations:theBasics文内引用基本点MLAusesparentheticalcitationsMLA使用括号引用Parentheticalcitationsdependonthemedium(e.g.Print,Web,DVD)括号引用取决于出版传媒（如：印刷，网站，DVD）Parentheticalcitationsalsodependonthesource’sentryontheWorksCitedpage括号引用也取决于著作引用页的来源条目SignalwordinthetextisthefirstthinginthecorrespondingentryontheWorksCitedpage文章中的信号词应与著作引用页的条目相符合Author-PageStyle作者页风格In-textExample:文内样例WordsworthstatedthatRomanticpoetrywasmarkedbyaspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(263).Romanticpoetryischaracterizedbythespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings(Wordsworth263).Wordsworthextensivelyexploredtheroleofemotioninthecreativeprocess(263).CorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:著作引用条目样例Wordsworth,William.LyricalBallads.London:OxfordU.P.,1967.Print.PrintSourcewithAuthor作者的打印源码In-textExample:文内样例HumanbeingshavebeendescribedbyKennethBurkeassymbol-usinganimals(3).Humanbeingshavebeendescribedassymbol-usinganimals(Burke3).PrintSourcewithAuthor作者的打印源码CorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:著作引用条目样例Burke,Kenneth.LanguageasSymbolicAction:EssaysonLife,Literature,andMethod.Berkeley:UofCaliforniaP,1966.Print.WithUnknownAuthor作者未知In-textExample:文内样例WeseesomanyglobalwarminghotspotsinNorthAmericalikelybecausethisregionhas“morereadilyaccessibleclimaticdataandmorecomprehensiveprogramstomonitorandstudyenvironmentalchange...”(“ImpactofGlobalWarming”6).WithUnknownAuthor作者未知CorrespondingWorksCitedEntry:著作引用条目样例“TheImpactofGlobalWarminginNorthAmerica.”GLOBALWARMING:EarlySigns.1999.Web.23Mar.2009.OtherIn-TextCitations1其他文内引用1Classic&LiteraryWorkswithMultipleEditions多版本经典著作In-textExample:文内样例MarxandEngelsdescribedhumanhistoryasmarkedbyclassstruggles(79;ch.1).AuthorswithSameLastNames作者姓相同In-textExample:文内样例Althoughsomemedicalethicistsclaimthatcloningwillleadtodesignerchildren(R.Miller12),othersnotethattheadvantagesformedicalresearchoutweighthisconsideration(A.Miller46).OtherIn-TextCitations2其他文内引用2WorkbyMultipleAuthors多位作者合著In-textExamples:文内样例Smith,Yang,andMoorearguethattougherguncontrolisnotneededintheUnitedStates(76).TheauthorsstateTighterguncontrolintheUnitedStateserodesSecondAmendmentrights(Smith,Yang,andMoore76).Jonesetal.counterSmith,Yang,andMoore'sargumentbynotingthecurrentspikeingunviolenceinAmericacompelslawmakerstoadjustgunlaws(4).OtherIn-TextCitations3其他文内引用3MultipleWorksbytheSameAuthor同一作者的多本著作In-textExamples:文内样例Lightenorhasarguedthatcomputersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(TooSoon38),thoughhehasacknowledgedelsewherethatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopmentinachild'ssecondandthirdyear(Hand-EyeDevelopment17).Visualstudies,becauseitissuchanewdiscipline,maybetooeasy(Elkins,VisualStudies63).OtherIn-TextCitations4其他文内引用4CitingMultivolumeWorks多卷著作引用In-textExample:文内样例..