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一．词语修辞格(1)simile明喻它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.(W.Wordsworth:TheDaffodils)我像一朵浮云独自漫游。Theyareaslikeastwopeas.他们两个长得一模一样。Hisyoungdaughterlooksasredasarose.他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。①“Mama,”Wangerosaidsweetasabird.“CanIhavetheseoldquilts?”②Hairisalloverhisheadafootlongandhangingfromhischinlikeakinkymuletail.③Myskinislikeanuncooked（未煮过的）barleypancake.④Theoratorial（雄辩的）stormthatClarenceDarrowandDudleyFieldMaloneblewupinthelittlecourtinDaytonsweptlikeafreshwindthoughtheschools…⑤Iseealsothedull（迟钝的）,drilled（训练有素的）,docile（易驯服的）,brutish（粗野的）massesoftheHunsoldieryplodding（沉重缓慢地走）onlikeaswarm（群）ofcrawlinglocusts（蝗虫）.（1）metaphor暗喻暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers演员.(WilliamShakespeare)整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Educationisnotthefillingofapail桶,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。①Itisavast（巨大的）,sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）ofaroom,…②MarkTwain---MirrorofAmerica③mainartery（干线）oftransportationintheyoungnation'sheart④TheDuchessofCroydonkeptfirm,tightreinonherracingmind.⑤Hervoicewasawhiplash（鞭绳）.⑥Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGod’shelp,wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke（枷锁）.（2）metonymy借代，转喻用一事物的名称来代替另一事物，当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。TheWhiteHousehasdeniedthereportthatmoretroopswillbesenttoIraq.Helivesbythepen.(=writing).他以写作为生。Heistoofondofthebottle(=drinking).他太贪杯了。①TheWashingtonPost,inaneditorialcaptionedKeepYourOldWebster's②...hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickaxe（镐）（3）synecdoche提喻以部分指代整体1.Wearelackofhands.（hands指代人手，劳动力）2.Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead.（head指代整个人）3.Orwhatofthosesheetsandjetsofairthatarenowbeingused,inplaceof(代替)old-fashionedoakandhinges...4.Butneitherhisvanitynorhispurseisanyconcernofthedictionary's（purse指代金钱）（4）personification拟人把物比喻成人。在修辞学上，拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写，并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。①Theyoungmoonliesonherback…②Everyhereandthere,adoorwaygivesaglimpseofasunlit（阳光照射的）courtyard,perhapsbeforeamosqueoracaravanserai,wherecamelsliedisdainfully（轻蔑的）chewingtheirhay（干草）…③...toliterature'senduringgratitude...（文学的持续感激）④Thegraveworldsmilesasusual...⑤Bitternessfedontheman...（痛苦为人类提供食物）（5）transferredepithet移就修饰转移把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。(转移描述词;移就修辞格）①Darrowhadwhisperedthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulder②Theobese（极为肥胖的）bodyshookinanappreciativechuckle.③Ihavebeenexhilaratedbytwodaysofstorms,butaboveallIlovetheselongpurposelessdaysinwhichIshedallthatIhaveeverbeen.(V.Sackville-West,NoSignpostsintheSea)（6）hyperbole夸张这是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实(overstatement)的修辞手法，其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。用数字，形容词副词最高级，全世界，虚拟语气①Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide,butitisnarrowedeveryfewyardsbylittlestallswheregoodsofeveryconceivablekindaresold.②Itisavast,sombre（忧郁的，严峻的）cavern（洞穴）ofaroomsothickwithdustofcenturies.③IfHitlerinvadedHellandIwouldmakeatleastafavorablereferencetotheDevilintheHouseofCommons.④IseethetenthousandvillagesofRussiawherethemeansofexistenceiswrungsohardlyfromthesoil,butwheretherearestillprimordialhumanjoys,wheremaidenslaughandchildrenplay.⑤...cruisethrougheternalboyhoodand...endlesssummeroffreedom...⑥Thetrialthatrockedtheworld⑦HisreputationasanauthorityonScriptureisrecognizedthroughouttheworld.（7）oxymoron矛盾修饰法Partingissuchsweetsorrow.(别离是这样甜蜜的凄清)athunderoussilence无声胜有声amournfuloptimist悲伤的乐观DudleyFieldMalenecalledmyconvictiona,victoriousdefeat.（8）euphemism委婉语作为一种修辞格，Euphemism(委婉)指的是以较文雅、悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野、刺耳或直露的说法。它能借助语音、语法、词汇及其他修辞手段，得体地表达生活中那些使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物。其主要修辞作用是在语言表达上减少刺激性和敏感性，从而起到一种缓冲或美化作用。英语委婉语数量众多，其运用范围涉及到社会生活诸领域，大致可概括为以下四个方面有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语①…amotleybandofConfederateguerrillaswhodiligentlyavoidedcontactwiththeenemy.②...men'sfinalreleasefromearthlystruggle（9）Irony反语theuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaning.反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法Thankstohisbrilliantleadership,ourcompanyisnowbankrupt.Youarereallygood.Youruinedeverything.①Hiroshima—the“liveliest”cityinJapan②…untilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcentury（10）sarcasm讽刺acutting,oftenironicremarkintendedtowound.是指用尖酸刻薄的话对个人的缺点、过失、社会的丑恶现象或黑暗面进行讥讽、挖苦,常是有意地伤害他人的感情,所以常含有较强的贬义。Myfriendtheattorney-generalsaysthatJohnScopesknowswhatheisherefor,Darrowdrawled.Iknowwhatheisherefor,too.Heisherebecauseignoranceandbigotry(顽固)arerampant,anditisamightystrongcombination.①Thereissomedoubtaboutthat.②aconceptofhowthingsgetwrittenthatthrowsverylittlelightonLincolnbutagreatdealonLife③thePost’seditorialfailstoexplainwhatiswrongwiththedefinition,wecanonlyinferfromsosimpleathingthatthewritertakestheplain,downright,man-in-the-streetattitudethatadoorisadoorandanydamnfoolknowsthat(12)ridicule（嘲笑）有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情,通常指用一些不太善意的或看起来比较滑稽和夸张的语言对不良的或愚蠢的行为进行揭露和批评。④Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,wasassisted⑤Resolutelyhestrodetothestand,carryingapalmfanlikeaswordtorepelhisenemies.⑥Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.（11）pun双关①DARWINISRIGHT–INSIDE.②BenjaminFranklin:“Ifwedon’thangtogether,weshallmostassuredlyhangseparately.”(PeterstoneandShermanEdwards.1776)如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。二、结