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1Monograph专著1.ThegeneraldefinitionofamonographScientifictreatisesofbooklengthbutotherwisevariableformatpreparedbyacknowledgedexpertsonspecializedtopicsforthebenefitofotherswhohavespecializedin.orwhowishtoobtainaspecialist'sappreciationof,thesetopics.2.ThevalueofmonographsforscientificresearchesThevalueofmonographsliesinthecoherenceandcomprehensivenessoftheinformationandknowledgetheycontain,whichisimportanttothespecializedresearcherstowhomtheyaredirectedand,therefore,totheadvancementofscienceandengineeringgenerally.3.ThequalitiesoftheauthorsofmonographsTheauthorsofmonographsshouldhaveexceptionalbreadthanddepthofknowledge,andmustbeabletocollect,collate,analyze,integrate,andsynthesizeallrelevantcontributionstothearchivalliteratureofthescientificandengineeringjournalsandtoaddoriginalmaterialasrequired.4.ThedifferencesbetweenmonographsandbooksofconferenceproceedingsMonographsgenerallyarewrittenbyspecialistsforthebenefitofotherspecialists.Textbooksarepedagogicalworkswhich,evenifwrittenonfairlynarrowsubjects,aredesignedtoservebroaderandmorejuniorreadershipsthanspecializedresearchcommunities.5.ThedifferencesbetweenmonographsandbooksofconferenceproceedingsConferencepaperscommonlytaketheformofprematureannouncementsofnewscientificdiscoveries.Conferenceproceedingsgenerallyhaveashortshelflife.6.ThemaincomponentsofamonographTheauthor,titleandsubtitle,dateofpublication,dustcoverorblurb,contentpages,bibliographyandindex,illustrations,prefaceandintroduction.7.Anindicationofthebook’ssuccessThenumberofeditionsisanindicationofthebook’ssuccess.8.ThefunctionoftheblurbItgivesthereaderarapidoverviewofthecontentsandapproach.Itmightalsosaywhatthebookcontainsandforwhomitiswritten.2AcademicJournal学术期刊1.ThegeneraldefinitionofanacademicjournalAnacademicjournalisapeer-reviewedperiodicalinwhichscholarshiprelatingtoaparticularacademicdisciplineispublished.2.Thesignificanceofpeer-reviewprocessThepeer-reviewprocessisconsideredcriticaltoestablishingareliablebodyofresearchandknowledge.3.ThedefinitionofreviewarticlesReviewarticles,alsocalled“reviewsofprogress”,arechecksontheresearchpublishedinjournals.4.OnedifferencebetweenoriginalresearcharticlesandreviewarticlesUnlikeoriginalresearcharticles,reviewarticlestendtobesolicitedsubmissions,sometimesplannedyearsinadvance.5.TheplaceswheresciencejournalsareauthoritativelyrankedNaturalsciencejournalsarecategorizedandrankedintheScienceCitationIndex,andsocialsciencejournalsintheSocialScienceCitationIndex.6.Thepossiblequantitativefactorstoreflectanacademicjournal’sprestigeThenumberoflaterarticlescitingarticlesalreadypublishedinthejournal,theoverallnumberofcitations,howquicklyarticlesarecited,andtheaverage“half-life”ofarticles.7.ThefinancialresourcesofhumanitiesandsocialscienceacademicjournalsSubsidiesbyuniversitiesorprofessionalorganizationsandadvertisingfeesbyadvertisers.8.Theroleofinternetintheproductionof,andaccessto,academicjournalsTheInternethasrevolutionizedtheproductionof,andaccessto,academicjournals,withtheircontentsavailableonlineviaservicessubscribedtobyacademiclibrariesoreveninawayofopenaccess.33OrganizationofaScientificPaper科技论文的篇章结构1.Inmostscientificjournals,scientificpapersincludethefollowingsectionsSummaryorAbstract,Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments.2.ThecontentofSummaryorAbstractItgivesabriefbackgroundtothetopic,describesconciselythemajorfindingsofthepaper,andrelatesthesefindingstothefieldofstudy.3.TheIntroductionsectiondealswiththefollowingtwopointsItdescribesfirsttheacceptedstateofknowledgeinaspecializedfield;thenitfocusesmorespecificallyonaparticularaspect,usuallydescribingafindingorsetoffindingsthatleddirectlytotheworkdescribedinthepaper.4.ThepurposeofMaterialsandMethodsItspurposeistodescribethematerialsusedintheexperimentsandthemethodsbywhichtheexperimentswerecarriedout.5.ThetwowaysoforganizingResultsInsomepapers,theresultsarepresentedwithoutextensivediscussion,whichisreservedforthefollowingsection.Inotherpapers,resultsaregiven,andthentheyareinterpreted,perhapstakentogetherwithotherfindingsnotinthepaper,soastogivethelogicalbasisforlaterexperiments.6.ThepurposesoftheDiscussionsectionThedatainthepaperareinterpreted;thefindingsofthepaperarerelatedtootherfindingsinthefield;thisservestoshowhowthefindingscontributetoknowledge,orcorrecttheerrorsofpreviouswork;someofthelogicalargumentsareoftenprovidedwhenitisnecessarytoclarifywhylaterexperimentswereearnedout.7.ThereasonforcombiningtheResultsandDiscussionBecausethedataneedextensivediscussiontoallowthereadertofollowthetrainoflogicdevelopedinthecourseoftheresearch.8.ThedifferencebetweentheabstractsinScienceandthoseinNatureInScience,theabstractisself-contained;inNature,theabstractalsoservesasabriefintroductiontothepaper.4ReadingaScientificPaper科技论文的阅读方法1.Theordertounderstandthemajorpointsofthework,youshouldfirstreadTheAbstract.2.ReadingtheTitleandtheAbstractservesthreepurposesFirst,itclarifieswhetheryouinfactknowenoughbackgroundtoappreciatethepaper.Second,itrefreshesyourmemoryaboutthetopic.Third,ithelpsyouintegra