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学习必备欢迎下载Howpeoplemakedecisions:1.peoplefacetradeoffs2.Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit3.Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin4.PeoplerespondtoincentivesHowpeopleinteract:5.tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff6.Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity7.GovernmentcansometimesimprovemarketoutcomesHowtheeconomyas8.Acountry’sstandardoflivingdependsonitsabilitytoproduceAwholeworks:goodsandservices9.Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney10.Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemploymentKeyconcepts:Ability-to-payprinciple（税收的）能力支付原则:TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势:ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAccountingprofit会计利润:TotalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostAdverseselection逆向选择:ThetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedpartyAgent代理人:Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipalAggregate-demandcurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevelAggregaterisk:riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonceAggregate-supplycurve:acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevelAppreciation:anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyArrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理:Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferences学习必备欢迎下载Averagefixedcost平均固定成本:FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益:TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均税率:TotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均总成本:TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可变成本:VariablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAutomaticstabilizers:changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionBalancetrade:asituationinwhichexportsequalimportsBenefitsprinciple受益原则:TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond:acertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint预算约束:ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit预算赤字:AnexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceiptsBudgetsurplus预算盈余:AnexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendingBusinesscycle经济周期:Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductionCapital资产:TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflight:alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountryCartel卡特尔:AgroupoffirmsactinginunisonCatch-upeffect后发效应:thepropertywherebycountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythatcountriesthatstartoffrichCentralbank:aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomyCircular-flowdiagram循环流向图:AvisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsClosedeconomy:aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworldCollectivebargaining:theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentCommoditymoney:moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue学习必备欢迎下载Coasetheorem科斯定理:Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollusion共谋:AnagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommonresources共同资源:GoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparativeadvantage比较优势:ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostCompensatingdifferential补偿性工资差别:AdifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobsCompetitivemarket竞争性市场:AmarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互补性商品:TwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherCondorcetparadox:thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsocietyCompounding:theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefutureConstantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变:Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputConsumerpriceindex(CPI):ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumerConsumersurplus消费者剩余:Abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysConsumption:spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousingCost成本:ThevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveupproducingagoodCost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析:AstudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodCrowdingout:adecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowingCrowding-outeffect:theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyraisetheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspendingCross-priceelasticityofdemand需求的交叉价格弹性:Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirst