国际会议交流英语pptUnit6-Preparing-a-Speech

Unit6PreparingaSpeechTopicalHighlights1．GeneralRequirementsforPreparingaSpeech:planningdelivery,paraphrasingkeypoints,consideringtheaudience,practicingspeaking2．WaysofPreparingaSpeech:speakingwithoutreferences,speakingwithshortnotes,speakingwithaudio-visualaids,speakingfromthetext,readingthefulltext3．PointsforAttentioninPreparingaSpeech:easytoremember,completeandbalanced,considerate,completeThemePresentation1.GeneralRequirementsforPreparingaSpeech1)PlanningDeliveryCarefulplanningandpreparationwillhelpguaranteethataspeaker'smessageisclearlypresentedandiseasytofollow.Whenpreparingaspeech,thespeakershouldkeepinmindthatitisoftennoteasyforlistenerstofollowthestructureoforalpresentationandtokeeptrackofwhathasbeensaid.Sothespeakershouldtrytouseanorganizationalpatternthatissuitableforhispurpose.2)ParaphrasingKeyPointsWhenpreparingaspeech,thespeakershouldanticipatepointswherehislistenerswillneedspecialguidance.Forecastingandsummarizingkeypointswillhelplistenersfocusonhisideas.Thinkaboutconceptsthatmaybeespeciallydifficultforlistenerstounderstand.Trytopresentthoseconceptsrepeatedlyusingdifferentwordingeachtimesothatthelistenerscanbetteridentifywiththematerialsandideas.Paraphrasing(i.e.,highlightingkeypointsinvariousways)inthiscaseisausefultool.3)ConsideringtheAudienceDuringplanning,thespeakershouldkeeplistenersinmind.Iftheaudienceisexpectingafifteen-minutespeech,heshouldtailorhispresentationtothatexpectation.Ifheknowstheenvironmentisgoingtobeuncomfortablefortheaudience,heshouldtrytoadapthisspeechtopicandlengthtoaccommodate2thephysicalsituation.4)PracticingSpeakingWithhisoutlineordraftcompleted,thespeakershouldbereadyforthefinalstepinpreparation—practicinghisspeechfororalpresentation.Heprobablywillfindthatthebestmethodistotalkthroughtheoutlinealoud,followingtheplannedsequenceofideas.Heshoulddothisuntilhehasbeenfamiliarwiththissequencethoroughlyandcanexpresseachideaclearlyandfluently.Then,puttingtheoutlineaside,thespeakershouldthinkthroughthespeechsilently,pointbypoint,tomakecertainthattheideasarefixedinhismind.Whenhecangothroughthespeechwithoutforgettinganypointorwithouthesitatingunduly5inputtinghisthoughtsintowords,hispreparationisdone.Ashepracticesspeakingfromhisoutline,however,thespeakershouldpreserveamentalimageofhislistenersandprojecthisspeechasthoughhewereactuallytalkingtothem.Thegoodspeakertalkswithaudience,notatthem.2.WaysofPreparingaSpeechDifferentspeakersadoptdifferentwaysinthedeliveryofaspeech.Onthebasisofinternationalacademicconferencepractice,andaccordingtothelanguagecompetenceofspeakers,someeffectivewaysofpreparingaspeechcanbesummarizedasfollows.1)SpeakingwithoutReferencesThisisanidealwayofpresentationinwhichthespeakercanusetheworkinglanguageasfluentlyasheuseshismothertongue.Thiskindofspeechisonedeliveredonthespurofthemomentwithoutlengthypreparation.Thespeakerreliesentirelyonpreviousknowledgeandskills.2)SpeakingwithShortNotesInthistypeofdelivery,thespeakermakesabriefoutlineofhisspeechthatliststhesub-titlesandthetopicalsentencesofeachparagraphastheguidetopresentation,whichisalsocalledspeechprogram.Forexample,ifaspeakerisgoingtogivea15-minutespeechconcerningwritingpapersoneconomics,thenhemightneedsuchanoutlinewiththetimeallocationforeachpartofthespeech.Ex.6-1ASpeechProgramforWritingPapersonEconomicsContentTransparencyTimeAllocationWritingPapersonEconomics15min.Greetings&Thanks30sec.ImportanceofWriting(Trsp.No.l)1min.30sec.SubjectSelection(Trsp.No.2)2min.30sec.IdeaFormulation/PracticalInvestigation/MainArgumentation(Trsp.No.3-6)8min.Result/Conclusion/Summary(Trsp.7-8)2min.30sec.Questions&AnswersorDiscussion5min.Ex.6-2.Summary(1min.)Thankstothechairman—purposeofthepresentation—process—shiftingtothemajorsubjectPart1(4min.)CommonphenomenonintheionosphereoverSoutheastAsia—»illustration—overheadprojectorPart2(5min.)Changesintheseasonsandtheionosphereintheeastandthewest—changingpatternsoftheionosphereofWuhanPart3(5min.)PatternsofffofWuhanareainthepast30years—dataprocessingmethod(mid-termvalue,maximumvalueyear,stableyear,whichishigher?)—empiricalformula—conclusion—projectorResultsandConclusion(30sec.)DiscussionandDefense(4min.and30sec.)Anotherexampleistheprogramofaspeechusingtimesequence.CentralIdea:Thedevelopmentofpaperhasparalleledthedevelopmentoftechnology(15minutes)Cx.6-3Centralidea:seetheabove(30sec.)InA.D.105,theChineseTs'aiLunconceivedtheideaofmakingpaperbyhandfromtreebark.(3min.)In1694,theBankofEnglandnotonlyprintedmoneybutalsobuiltamachineforwatermarkingandengravingitsbills.(3min.)In1789,thefirstpaper-makingmachinewasinventedbyNicholas-LouisRobert,finallymovingpapermakingintothemodemera.(3min.)Conclusion:thedevelopmentofpaper-makinghasparalleledthedevelopmentoftechnology.(2min.30sec.).Discussion(3min.)Thefollowingisa30-minuteprogramofthepresentationontheDevelopmentoftheDonghuHigh-techProducts,EnterprisesandIndustries.(Ex.6-4Greetings(1min.30sec.)Thankstothechairman—Greetingstothedelegatespresent—Thankstotheorganizingcommittee—Introductionto