经典教材---几何光学像差理论---Aberration-Theory

AberrationTheoryGeunyoungYoon,Ph.D.AssistantProfessorDepartmentofOphthalmologyCenterforVisualScienceUniversityofRochesterOpticsParaxialOptics(FirstOrderOptics)(GaussianOptics)GeometricalOptics(Aberrationtheory)DiffractiveOptics(FourierOptics)QuantumOpticsCoherentOpticsOutline
WhatIsWavefront?Huygens’sprinciple,Snell’slaw,Fermat’sprincipleParaxial(firstorder)approximation
WhatKindOfWavefrontAberrationsAreThere?Monochromaticaberration(Seidelandwaveaberrations)Chromaticaberration(Longitudinal,Transverse)
WhyAreTheseAberrationsImportant?Relationshipbetweenaberrationsandimagequality(Pupilfunction,PSF,MTF,Imageconvolution…)
HowCanWeMeasureTheseAberrationsOfTheEye?DifferenttypesofwavefrontsensorsOutline
WhatIsWavefront?Huygens’sprinciple,Snell’slaw,Fermat’sprincipleParaxial(firstorder)approximation
WhatKindOfWavefrontAberrationsAreThere?Monochromaticaberration(Seidelandwaveaberrations)Chromaticaberration(Longitudinal,Transverse)
WhyAreTheseAberrationsImportant?Relationshipbetweenaberrationsandimagequality(Pupilfunction,PSF,MTF,Imageconvolution…)
HowCanWeMeasureTheseAberrationsOfTheEye?DifferenttypesofwavefrontsensorsOutline
WhatIsWavefront?Huygens’sprinciple,Snell’slaw,Fermat’sprincipleParaxial(firstorder)approximation
WhatKindOfWavefrontAberrationsAreThere?Monochromaticaberration(Seidelandwaveaberrations)Chromaticaberration(Longitudinal,Transverse)
WhyAreTheseAberrationsImportant?Relationshipbetweenaberrationsandimagequality(Pupilfunction,PSF,MTF,Imageconvolution…)
HowCanWeMeasureTheseAberrationsOfTheEye?DifferenttypesofwavefrontsensorsOutline
WhatIsWavefront?Huygens’sprinciple,Snell’slaw,Fermat’sprincipleParaxial(firstorder)approximation
WhatKindOfWavefrontAberrationsAreThere?Monochromaticaberration(Seidelandwaveaberrations)Chromaticaberration(Longitudinal,Transverse)
WhyAreTheseAberrationsImportant?Relationshipbetweenaberrationsandimagequality(Pupilfunction,PSF,MTF,Imageconvolution…)
HowCanWeMeasureTheseAberrationsOfTheEye?DifferenttypesofwavefrontsensorsWhatIsWavefront?Huygens’sprincipleSnell’slawFermat’sprincipleParaxial(firstorder)approximationWavefrontvsRay“Awavefrontisasurfaceoverwhichanopticaldisturbancehasaconstantphase.”Harmonicwavefunction)sin(),(tkxAtxωψ−=PhasePlanewavefrontSphericalwavefrontxxxxt=0tWavefrontvsRay“Raysarelinesnormaltothewavefrontsateverypointofintersection.”PlanewavefrontSphericalwavefrontRayHuygens’sPrinciple“Everypointonaprimarywavefrontservesasthesourceofsphericalsecondarywavelets,suchthattheprimarywavefrontatsomelatertimeistheenvelopeofthesewavelets.”PrimarysphericalwavefrontSecondarysphericalwavefrontSnell’slawFastmedium(smallerrefractiveindex,ni)Slowmedium(largerrefractiveindex,nt)θiθtθrnormal)sin()sin(ittinnθθ=Reflection:Refraction:θi=θrθiθtwhennintFermat’sPrincipleOPnSOnOPLti⋅+⋅=2222)(xabnxhnti−+⋅++⋅=OPnSOnOPLti⋅+⋅=“ThepathactuallytakenbylightingoingfromsomepointStoapointPistheshortestopticalpathlength(OPL).”niθiθtntPOSθrPhbxa-xa=0tominimizeOPLdOPLdx0)()(2222=−+−−⋅++⋅xabxanxhxnti)sin()sin(ittinnθθ=⋅⋅⋅+−+−=!7!5!3sin753θθθθθn1θn2SPsosipopiRRnnsnsnio1221−=+iioopRsRnpRsRnθθsin)(sin)(21−=+θθ≈sinApproximationParaxialOptics(Firstorderoptics)Lensmaker’sformulaParaxialOptics(Firstorderoptics)n1n2SP“Theemergingwavefrontsegmentcorrespondingtotheseparaxialraysisessentiallysphericalandwillforma”perfect”imageatitscenterP.”ThirdOrderOptics!3sin3θθθ−=n1n2SP“Theparaxialapproximation,sin_≈_,issomewhatunsatisfactoryifraysfromtheperipheryofalensareconsidered.”ParaxialraysPerpheralraysAberrations−+++−=[phone]iiooiosRsnRssnhRnnsnsnWhatKindsOfWavefrontAberrationsAreThere?Monochromaticaberration(Seidelandwaveaberrations)Chromaticaberration(Longitudinal,Transverse)Monochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
Distortion
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
DistortionParaxialraysMarginalraysLensTransverseSALongitudinalSAMonochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)Spotdiagram
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
DistortionMonochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)Monochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
DistortionMonochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
DistortionObjectImagelens
SphericalAberration
Coma
Astigmatism
FieldCurvature
DistortionBarreldistortionPin-cushiondistortionObjectImageMonochromaticaberrations(Seidelaberrations)Monochromaticaberrations(waveaberrations)ReferenceplanewavefrontReferencesphericalwavefront“Theopticaldeviationsofthewavefrontfromareferenceplaneorsphericalwavefront.”WaveaberrationAberratedwavefrontWaveaberrations(defocus)Myopic(nearsighted)eyePerfecteyeDefocusedwavefrontWaveaberrations(higherorder)EyewithhigherorderaberrationsPerfecteyeAberratedwavefront-3-2-10123-3-2-10123WavefrontAberrationmm(right-left)mm(superior-inferior)WaveAberrationofaSurfaceMathematicaldescriptionoftheaberration.ZernikecirclepolynomialsCnmW(_,θ)=Znm(_,θ)∑WavefrontaberrationZernike