萧伯纳英文简介

GeorgeBernardShaw(26July1856–2November1950)wasanIrishplaywrightandaco-founderoftheLondonSchoolofEconomics.Althoughhisfirstprofitablewritingwasmusicandliterarycriticism,inwhichcapacityhewrotemanyhighlyarticulatepiecesofjournalism,hismaintalentwasfordrama,andhewrotemorethan60plays.Nearlyallhiswritingsaddressprevailingsocialproblems,buthaveaveinofcomedywhichmakestheirstarkthemesmorepalatable.Shawexaminededucation,marriage,religion,government,healthcare,andclassprivilege.Hewasmostangeredbywhatheperceivedastheexploitationoftheworkingclass.Anardentsocialist,ShawwrotemanybrochuresandspeechesfortheFabianSociety.Hebecameanaccomplishedoratorinthefurtheranceofitscauses,whichincludedgainingequalrightsformenandwomen,alleviatingabusesoftheworkingclass,rescindingprivateownershipofproductiveland,andpromotinghealthylifestyles.Forashorttimehewasactiveinlocalpolitics,servingontheLondonCountyCouncil.In1898,ShawmarriedCharlottePayne-Townshend,afellowFabian,whomhesurvived.TheysettledinAyotStLawrenceinahousenowcalledShaw'sCorner.Shawdiedthere,aged94,fromchronicproblemsexacerbatedbyinjuriesheincurredbyfallingfromaladder.HeistheonlypersontohavebeenawardedbothaNobelPrizeinLiterature(1925)andanOscar(1938),forhiscontributionstoliteratureandforhisworkonthefilmPygmalion(adaptationofhisplayofthesamename),respectively.ShawwantedtorefusehisNobelPrizeoutrightbecausehehadnodesireforpublichonors,butaccepteditathiswife'sbehest:sheconsidereditatributetoIreland.Hedidrejectthemonetaryaward,requestingitbeusedtofinancetranslationofSwedishbooksintoEnglish.Contents[hide]1Lifeo1.1Earlyyearsandfamilyo1.2Educationo1.3Personallifeo1.4Politicalactivismo1.5Contributionso1.6Finalyears2Careero2.1Writingso2.2Criticismo2.3Novelso2.4Shortstorieso2.5Playso2.6Polemicso2.7Correspondenceandfriendso2.8Photography3Politicalandsocialviews4Eugenics5Religion6Legacy7Workso7.1Novelso7.2Shortstorieso7.3Dramao7.4Essayso7.5MusicalCriticismo7.6Debate8Seealso9Notes10References11Externallinks[edit]LifeShaw'sbirthplace,Dublin[edit]EarlyyearsandfamilyGeorgeBernardShawwasborninSyngeStreet,Dublin,on26July1856[3]toGeorgeCarrShaw(1814–85),anunsuccessfulgrainmerchantandsometimecivilservant,andLucindaElizabethShaw,néeGurly(1830–1913),aprofessionalsinger.Hehadtwosisters,LucindaFrances(1853–1920),asingerofmusicalcomedyandlightopera,andElinorAgnes(1855–76).[edit]EducationShawbrieflyattendedtheWesleyCollege,Dublin,agrammarschooloperatedbytheMethodistChurchinIreland,beforemovingtoaprivateschoolnearDalkeyandthentransferringtoDublin'sCentralModelSchool.HeendedhisformaleducationattheDublinEnglishScientificandCommercialDaySchool.Heharbouredalifelonganimositytowardschoolsandteachers,saying:Schoolsandschoolmasters,aswehavethemtoday,arenotpopularasplacesofeducationandteachers,butratherprisonsandturnkeysinwhichchildrenarekepttopreventthemdisturbingandchaperoningtheirparents.[4]IntheastringentprologuetoCashelByron'sProfessionyoungByron'seducationalexperienceisafictionalizeddescriptionofShaw'sownschooldays.Later,hepainstakinglydetailedthereasonsforhisaversiontoformaleducationinhisTreatiseonParentsandChildren.[5]Inbrief,heconsideredthestandardizedcurriculauseless,deadeningtothespiritandstiflingtotheintellect.Heparticularlydeploredtheuseofcorporalpunishment,whichwasprevalentinhistime.Whenhismotherlefthomeandfollowedhervoiceteacher,GeorgeVandeleurLee,toLondon,Shawwasalmostsixteenyearsold.Hissistersaccompaniedtheirmother[6]butShawremainedinDublinwithhisfather,firstasareluctantpupil,thenasaclerkinanestateoffice.Heworkedefficiently,albeitdiscontentedly,forseveralyears.[7]In1876,Shawjoinedhismother'sLondonhousehold.She,VandeleurLee,andhissisterLucy,providedhimwithapoundaweekwhilehefrequentedpubliclibrariesandtheBritishMuseumreadingroomwherehestudiedearnestlyandbeganwritingnovels.HeearnedhisallowancebyghostwritingVandeleurLee'smusiccolumn,[8][9]whichappearedintheLondonHornet.Hisnovelswererejected,however,sohisliteraryearningsremainednegligibleuntil1885,whenhebecameself-supportingasacriticofthearts.[edit]PersonallifeThefrontofShaw'sCornerasitstandstodayInfluencedbyhisreading,hebecameadedicatedSocialistandachartermemberoftheFabianSociety,[10]amiddleclassorganizationestablishedin1884topromotethegradualspreadofsocialismbypeacefulmeans.[7]InthecourseofhispoliticalactivitieshemetCharlottePayne-Townshend,anIrishheiressandfellowFabian;theymarriedin1898.Themarriagewasneverconsummated,atCharlotte'sinsistence,thoughhehadhadanumberofaffairswithmarriedwomen;[11]In1906theShawsmovedintoahouse,nowcalledShaw'sCorner,inAyotSt.Lawrence,asmallvillageinHertfordshire,England;itwastobetheirhomefortheremainderoftheirlives,althoughtheyalsomaintainedaresidenceat29FitzroySquareinLondon.[edit]PoliticalactivismShawdeclinedtostandasanMP,butin1897hewaselectedasalocalcouncillortotheLondonCountyCouncilasaProgressive.[12][edit]ContributionsShaw'splayswerefirstperformedinthe1890s.Bytheendofthedecadehewasanestablishedplaywright.Hewrotesixty-threeplaysandhisoutputasnovelist,critic,pamphleteer,essayistandprivatecorrespondentwasprodigious