第3部分语法及语法填空高考命题综述《新课程标准》中明确规定:高中生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五方面的内容。而为了提高考查语法知识运用的科学性,从语篇层次考查学生对所学语法知识运用的情况,自2014年开始,新课标全国卷利用语法填空题取代了多年的单项选择题。[考情分析]——定位考点·明确训练方向根据上表可以将语法填空的考情归纳为以下几点:1.语法考查面广语法填空题考查考生对词法、句法及语法知识的掌握情况,涉及了《考试说明》中大部分的语法知识,如词性转换,名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词、连词及特殊句式等语法项目。2.重点内容突出从命题趋势上来看,尽管考点覆盖面广,但并非苛求于这一点,而是对一些重要的语法项目进行重点考查,如:动词、形容词和副词以及连词等。3.命题形式变化语法填空题分为有提示词和无提示词两种。即:根据所提供的单词填写其正确的形式为给出提示词的考查;要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容为无提示词考查。2015年《考试说明》中的新变化是由原来“要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(不多于3个单词)”改变为“要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(1个单词)。”[解题流程]——明析步骤·强化解题思路根据以上考情分析可以明显看出,语法填空并非单纯考查语法,这就要求考生不但要掌握好基础语法知识而且要能在特定的语境中正确的运用语法知识。其解题流程如下(见图):为提高学生的解题能力和正确率,下面对基础语法知识及其在语法填空题中的运用技巧进行系统的讲解。专题一有提示词填空专题一有提示词填空高考中对有提示词填空的考查主要集中在以下几个语法项目中:(1)词性转换;(2)形容词、副词;(3)名词和主谓一致;(4)动词时态和语态;(5)非谓语动词。第一讲词性转换考题体验·聚焦高考1.[2015·福建高考]Itwas________________(consider)ofMichaeltoinformusofhisdelayincasewegotworried.2.[2015·安徽高考]Theygavemoneytotheoldpeople'shomeeither________(person)orthroughtheircompanies.considerate解析:根据空格位置在系动词之后可以判断,应填consider的形容词considerate“体贴的,考虑周到的”。personally解析:根据结构与throughtheircompanies并列,可知此处填person的副词personally“亲自”。3.[2015·湖北高考]Thegirlusedtobeshy,butis________(gradual)gettingactiveingroupworkandismorewillingtoexpressherself.4.[2015·江苏高考]Someschoolswillhavetomake________________(adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.gradually解析:此处修饰的是动词,且位于系动词之后,实义动词之前,故填副词,“逐渐地”。adjustments解析:考查词性转换,位于动词之后,介词之前,结合句意,可知填adjustments,“调整,适应”。句意:为了与国家足球改革一致,一些学校必须做出相应调整。5.[2014·安徽高考]—Whynotbuyasecondhandcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood___________(suggest).6.[2014·湖北高考]Her_____________(motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.suggestion解析:因其前有不定冠词,故填suggest的名词suggestion。motivation解析:形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式,此外后面的谓语动词为was,故此处需用名词单数形式。7.[2014·福建高考]Withonlineshoppingincreasinglypopular,theInternetisseenasan________(efficiency)wayofreachingtargetcustomers.8.[2014·安徽高考]Mygoodperformanceinthejobinterviewleftme________(optimism)aboutmyfutureandaboutwhatIcandohere.efficient解析:冠词与名词之间应为形容词形式。optimistic解析:考查形容词。(be)optimisticabout为固定短语,在本句中用形容词optimistic作宾语补足语。9.[2014·湖北高考]Whatwasso____________(impress)aboutJasmineWestland'svictorywasthatshecamefirstinthemarathonbarefooted.10.[2014·湖北高考]Insteadofblamingthechildwhohadbrokenthevase,shegavehima________(tolerate)smileandlethimgo.impressive解析:动词后需用形容词作表语,impress的形容词形式为impressive。tolerant解析:修饰名词smile需用形容词形式,故答案为tolerant。[2015·课标全国卷Ⅱ]Theadobedwellings(土坯房)__61__(build)bythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven__62__mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir__63__(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithout__64__(use)electricequipment.Wallsmadeofadobetakeintheheatfromthesunonhot,Step1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。61:built62:the63:ability64:usingdaysandgiveoutthatheat__65__(slow)duringcoolnights,thuswarmingthehouse.Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenough__66__(cool)thehouseduringthehotday;__67__thesametime,theywarmupagainforthenight.Thiscycle__68__(go)dayafterday:Thewallswarmupduringthedayandcooloffduringthenightandarethusalwaysatimelyoffset(抵消)fortheoutsidetemperatures.As__69__(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly__70__thicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.65:slowly66:tocool67:at68:goes69:natural70:howStep3:代入验证。需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。考点透析·突破高考知识清单(1)动词转换为名词;(2)名词与形容词的转换;(3)形容词转换为副词;(4)形容词与动词的转换;(5)否定前缀与后缀。学情分析(1)考生对基本的词性转换规则不能熟练掌握和运用;(2)各词性在句子中的基本功能不清,缺乏语言功能意识。考点一动词动词变名词常用的后缀(1)mentachieve―→achievement※argue―→argument(2)ion※operate―→operationexpress―→expression(3)ationprepare―→preparation※pronounce―→pronunciation(4)sionpermit―→permissiondecide―→decision(5)alarrive―→arrivalsurvive―→survival(6)anceaccept―→acceptanceappear―→appearance(7)encerefer―→referenceexist―→existence(8)其他※behave―→behavior※know―→knowledge※fly―→flight※mix―→mixture※succeed―→success※die―→death注:※表示容易出错的词性转换。(下同)[典例1][2015·揭阳市学业水平考试]Thoughdoctorsrefusedtobelievethis,some________(react)wasseenthroughmyimportantsignsastheychanged,dependingonthevisitors.[解析]根据空格的位置可判断应填名词,react的名词为reaction。在句中作主语,且谓语是“wasseen”为单数,故填reaction。reaction考点二名词与形容词的转换1名词变形容词时常用的后缀(1)名词+y※anger―→angryhealth―→healthy(2)名词+fulcare―→carefuluse―→useful(3)名词+ablereason―→reasonablecomfort―→comfortable(4)名词+ousdanger―→dangerous※mystery―→mysterious(5)名词+ly※friend―→friendly※love―→lovely(6)名词+almusic―→musical※nature―→natural(7)名词变ce为timportance―→importantabsence―→absent(8)名词+ishfool―→foolishchild―→childish[典例2][2015·山东潍坊一模]Thedesignerscouldnothavedreamedthatshewouldbecomesucha________(globe)starassheistoday.[解析]根据空格在句子中的位置可知此空格应为定语修饰“star”,故用形容词global。global2形容词变名词时常加的后缀(1)形容词后+nesshappy―→happinesssick―→sickness(2)形容词后+thtrue―→truthwarm―→warmth(3)形容词后+ydifficult―→difficulty(4)形容词后+ityreal―→realityactive―→activity(5)形容词变o为e加thstrong―→strengthlong―→length(6)其他high―→heightdeep―→depth[典例3][2015·河北衡水中学联考四]Theycoveredthewholetreewithribbonstoshowtheirwholehearted____________(happy)andwillingnesstowelcomehimback.happiness[解析]根据and可知,此