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Lesson36CarCultureDoyouknowhowmanycarsareonroadeveryday?Whatishappeningonroadeveryminute?Arecarsgoodorbad?Herewe’llreadanarticleabouttrafficinBritainandtalkabouttrafficproblems.Withtheimprovementoflivingconditions,moreandmorepeoplehavetheirowncars.Asaresult,therearemorecarsareonroads,andmorehighwaysorexpresswaysarebuilt.Goodorbad?Talkabouttrafficproblemswithyourfriends.Makeaminisurveyinyourgrouptocollectinformationoftrafficconditionsinyourcity.UsethekeywordsinExercise2.Interviewyourclassmatesaboutthegeneralconditionsofthetrafficinyourcity.Thefollowingisforyourreference.A:Doyouhaveacar?B:Yes,myfamilyhasacar?A:Howoftendoyoutravelinyourowncar?B:Everyday.A:Howdoyouuseyourcar,forlongjourneysorshortones?B:Oftenshortones.Forexample,myfathergoestowork,mymothergoesshopping,orIgotoschool.A:Haveyoueverthoughtwhatwouldhappenontheroadsifeverybodytravelinhisowncar?B:Oh,…TrafficinOurCityNameIncreaseofcarsHowoftentousecarsGeneralimpressionoftrafficTrafficproblemsMeTrafficjamsoftenoccuronhighwayswherevertwolanesmustmergeintoone.Lanesofcarscannotmergeiftherearenolargegapsbetweencars.Therefore,driverswhocreatelargegapsbetweencarswilleasethistypeoftrafficjam.Whenandhowdoesatrafficjamhappen?Readthefirstpartofthearticle(onPage42)tolearnaboutthetrafficinBritain.Takenoteswhilereading.TrafficinBritainNumberofcarsAirpollutionbycarsRateofincreaseofcarsHeathproblemsDeathofroadaccidentsClimateeffectThewriter’scomplainWorkinpairsaskingandansweringquestionsaboutwhatyouhavejustread.1.Howmanypeoplehaveyoulearnedfromtheconversationmetwithtrafficjamsthatmorning?2.WhatdoA10,M11andM25mean?3.Whatisthemaincauseoftrafficjamsorroadaccidents?4.Whatdoesthewriter5.complainabout?6.Howcanthewriterrelate7.globalwarmingandclimatechangewithtraffic?Readthesecondpartofthearticle(onpage43),takingnoteswhilereading.AdviceAdvantagesReason123456JennyTrown’sAdviceonHowtoSolveTrafficProblemsUseyourlegs.SavemoneyKeepfitShortjourneystakeupover25%Askandanswerquestionsaccordingwhatyouhavejustreadabout.1.Whatexcusesdosomepeoplegiveforusingtheirowncarsomuch?2.Whataretheadvantagesofbusesovercars?3.Howcanyoupersuadeothertoshareacarwithyou?4.Whatistheeffectofadvertisementsonpeople?5.WhatdoyouthinkofJennyTrowe’sadvice?Talkinyourgroupaboutthetrafficproblemsinyourtownorcityinthepast3years.Remembertotakenotesofimportantinformation.NameIncreaseofcarsHighwaysbuiltTrafficjamsoraccidentsPollutionproblemsMeToeaseajam:Bigcitiesarefacedwithserioustrafficproblems.Thereareoftentrafficjams.Whenyouaretrappedinatrafficjam,thefollowingadvicemaybehelpful.1.Maintainalargespaceaheadofyourcar.2.Encourageone,twoeventhreecarstomergeaheadofyou.3.Iftrafficslowstoacompletestop,KEEPTWOCAR-LENGTHSOFSPACEOPENAHEADOFYOU.4.Neverpunishmergingdriversbyclosingyourgap.TrafficproblemsinbigcitiesReadandlearnabouttrafficproblemsinsomebigcities.LosAngelestopslistfordriversgettingstuckfumingCOLLEGESTATION,Texas(CNN)--TrafficjamsintheUnitedStatesarecostingAmericans$68billioneachyearinwastedtimeandfuel,accordingtoanewreport.Basedontheanalysisof75U.S.cities,theannualUrbanMobilityReportfromtheTexasTransportationInstitutefindstheaveragerush-hourdriver--notjustcommuters,butalldrivers--wastesabout62hoursintrafficeachyear.That'snottotaltraveltime,that'sjusttheextratimespentgoingsloworgoingnowherebecauseoftrafficcongestion.Byseveralmeasures,thereportfoundLosAngeleshadtheworsttraffic.ThereportstatedthattheaverageLosAngelesrush-hourdriverwasted136hoursayearinsloworstoppedtraffic.Therunner-upmetroareasinthistime-drainingcategory:SanFrancisco,California;Washington;Seattle,Washington;Houston,Texas;SanJose,California;Dallas,Texas;NewYork;Atlanta,Georgia;andMiami,Florida.ThereportalsomeasuredcitiesaccordingtoaTravelTimeIndex,whichlookedathowmuchsloweraparticulartriptakesduringrushhourcomparedwiththesametripdrivenwhentrafficisflowingfreely.LosAngelestoppedthatlist,too.ThestudysaidarushhourtripinLosAngelestakesanaverage90percentlongerthanthesametripduringanon-rushhourperiod.Therunner-upmetroareasinthiscategory:SanFrancisco,California;Chicago;Washington;Seattle,Washington;Miami,Florida;Boston,Massachusetts;SanJose,California;Denver,Colorado;andNewYork.Thestudyalsofoundthatrushhoursarelastinglonger.In1982,thereportfoundtrafficwascongestedabout4.5hoursadayforthe75citiesstudied.In2000,trafficwascongestedanaverageofsevenhoursaday.Allofthisdemandcan'tbehandledinthe(rush)hourlikeitusedtobe,sotrafficspillsover,trailsoverintootherhours,saidTimLomax,oneofthereport'sleadauthors.Andthat'sspreadingtomoreoftheurbanizedareas,soinsteadofjusttheareainthebeltwaybeingcongested,it'salotmorethanthatnow.Lomaxsaidroadsandalternativeslikepublictransportationandtelecommutingaren'tkeepingpacewiththeincreasednumberofmilespeoplearedriving,whichiscausingthecongestion.IntheaverageU.S.city,peopletraveled85percentmoremilesbycarintheyear2000thantheydidin1982.There'sacombinationoffactors--theamountofpeople,theamountofroadwaythatisthere,Lomaxsaid.It'ssortofasupplydemandrelationship--youcanthinkofitthatway.Andthere'salotmoredemandthanthereissupply.DiagramThediagram