developing-paragraphs

Chapter4WritingParagraphsMXLContentsI.StructureofparagraphII.CharacteristicsofparagraphIII.FeaturesofmakinganeffectiveparagraphIV.WaysofdevelopingaparagraphParagraphItisagroupofsentencesthatintroduces,presentsanddevelopsonemainideaaboutthetopic.Anditcanbedividedintothreemajorparts.I.StructureofParagraphDetail2TopicSentenceConcludingSentenceDetail1Detail3A.Thetopicsentence◆Itisnormallythefirstsentenceoftheparagraph.◆Itconveystheoverallpointoftheparagraph.◆Ithelpsthewriterfocusontheideawrittenabout.◆Ithelpsthereaderknowaboutwhattheparagraphisallabout.Position:Usually,butnotalways,thetopicsentenceisatornearthebeginningoftheparagraph.However,itissometimespossibletoputthetopicsentenceinthemiddleorattheendoftheparagraph,dependingonthearrangementoftheidea.TopicSentenceTopic+controllingideaTopicsentence:asubject----topicanattitudetowardthatsubject----controllingideaControllingideaisveryrudewhensheisaroundme.forvariousreasons.oneoftheessentialactivitiesinoursociety.TopicMycousinKayPeopletakepartinsportsTrafficisPrinciplesinwritingatopicsentencewithacontrollingidea1.Whenyouwriteatopicsentence,youmustbesurethatyouhaveagrammaticallycorrectsentence.2.Thesentencethatpresentsbothasubjectandanattitudetowardthatsubjectoranindicationofwhatthewriterisgoingtoexplainaboutthesubjectcanserveasthetopicsentence.3.Boththesubjectandthecontrollingideainthetopicsentencemustbeasspecificaspossible.B.Thesupportingdetails◆Theyaresentencesusedtosupportthemainideastatedinthetopicsentence.◆Theygivemoreinformationaboutthemainideathroughexamplesorotherways.◆Theysayindetailswhatthetopicsentencesaysingeneral.◆Theyshouldbestrongconvincingpointsonwhichthetopicsentencecanrelyupon.C.Theconcludingsentence◆Itisareflectionofthemainideapronouncedinthetopicsentence.◆Itsumsupwhatthetopicsentenceandthesupportingdetailstalkabout.◆Itistheclosingsentencethatremindsthereadersofwhattheyhavetovalue.◆Itiscompulsoryforthecompletionoftheparagraphunity.◆Iteventuallyindicatestheendofaparagraph.◆Itpreparesthereaderforasmoothtransitiontothenextparagraphifthereisone.ForexampleOpportunitiesdonotcomeoften.(topicsentence)Theycomeeveryonceinawhile.(supportingdetail1)Veryoften,theycomequietlyandgobywithoutbeingnoticed.(supportingdetail2)Thereofore,itisadvisablethatyoushouldvalueandtreatthemwithcare.(theconcludingsentence)MyCousinKayMycousinKayisveryrudewhensheisaroundme.（1）Whenshecomestotowntovisitourrelatives,shedoesn’tspeakawordtome.（2）WhenIamaroundher,Kayignoresmecompletely,althoughwhenIamnotaroundher,herbigloudmouthisalwaystalkingaboutmebehindmyback.（3）Sheprobablyactslikethisbecauseshedislikesme,andshedoesnotwanttohaveanythingtodowithme.Kayisnotaneasypersontogetalongwithbecausesheisrudeandimmature.II.CharacteristicsofParagraph1.UnityDealwithasingletopicStateasinglethought2.Coherence1)Thepartoftheparagraphshouldbelogicallyconnected.Focusonthetopicsentence2)Eachsentencenaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaininganddevelopingthecentralidea.3)Theparagraphisanintegratedwhole,ratherthanacollectionofseparatesentences.ⅢFeaturesofmakinganeffectiveparagraph1.Acentralidea(whichmaybeexpressedeitherexplicitlyinatopicsentenceorimplicitly)2.Thesupportingevidence(alltheinformationgiveninthissentencesshouldimpressesthereaderwiththecentralidea.)3.CloseconnectionbetweenthesentencesⅣWaysofdevelopingaparagraph1.DevelopmentbytimeThedetailsarearrangedinchronologicalorder.(93)2.Developmentbyprocesstellingpeoplehowtodothingsincorrectorder(chronologicalorder);rightsequenceofthethingstobedone;usingpresenttenseForexampleOnmorningIwentfishingintheriver,wheretwowomenwashedclothes.Ifoundamostfavorablepoint.CastingoutmylineIwaitedanxiouslyforabite.Suddenlytherecameacry:“Help!Help!”I.lookedinthedirectionofthecallandsawaboyfallingintotheriver.Throwingthefishingpole,Idashedoverlikeanarrow,jumpedintotheriverandswamveryquicklytowardstheboy.ThentogetherwithhismotherIcarriedtheboyonmybacktoanearbyhospital.Thatboywassaved.Themothergavemeathousandthanks.ExerciseHowtouseacopyingMachineMostcopyingmachinesworkinasimilarway,andtheyareeasytouseifyoudothefollowingthings.First,youshouldturnonthemachine.Setthepaper-lengthcontrolandlight/darkcontrol.Next,liftthecoverandplaceyourbookorpaperfacedownontheglass.Thenpressthe“StartPrint”button.Afteryourcopycomesoutinthecopytray,turnoffthemachine.Finally,don’tforgettoliftthecoverandremoveyourbookorpaper.3Developmentbyspacea.Decidingthestandingposition(whereandwhentostartdescription)b.Concentratingonthestrikingfeaturesoftheplace,andignoringtheminorones.(best-knownfeaturesoftheplace)c.Describinginthepresenttense.Oxfordisanexceptionallyolduniversitytown,ontheRiverThames,about60milesfromLondon.Oxford'scenteristheuniversity;andallaroundthecrossroadsattheveryheartofOxford,Carfax,therearegraystoneCollegesandotheruniversitybuildings.Inthecenteryoucanalsofindinterestingoldpubsandpavedpassages.Therearealotofchurches,andoneortworeallylargeandinterestingbuildings,suchastheAshmoleanMuseum,the'roundlibrary',theBodleianandtheRadcliffeCamera,withitsdomedroof.LikeallEnglishtowns,therearepar