Lexical-Grammatical-Principles-of-Academic-Writing

Lexical-GrammaticalPrinciplesofAcademicWritingSomegeneralexpectations•Formality:wordchoiceslimitedtowrittenandstandardizedregisters•Conciseness:usingeffective,preciseandstrongwords•Directness:usingclearandsimplestructures•Objectivity:freedomfrompersonalbiases,unduesubjectivityandunfoundedclaimsVocabularyshift•Verbs–Phrasalverbs–Prepositionalverbs–SingleverbsExample•Accordingtosomebiologists,comingupwithclearproofofthedecreasingnumbersoffrogshasbeendifficult.(lessformalstyle)•Accordingtosomebiologists,offeringclearproofofthedecreasingnumbersoffrogshasbeendifficult.(academicstyle)Task(review,maintain,develop,cause,eliminate,reach,determine,investigate,decrease,constitute)•1.ThesixleadingcausesofdeathintheU.S.—coronaryheartdisease,stroke,lungcancer,coloncancer,diabetes,andchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease—aremainlybroughtonbyovereating,alackofexercise,andcigarettesmoking.•2.ScientistsarelookingintoinnovativewaystocombatAIDS.•3.Thepurposeofthispaperistotrytofigureoutwhatislackinginourcurrentunderstandingofcorrosionandcorrosionprotectioninconcrete.•4.Researchershaverecentlycomeupwithhybridvehiclesthatuseafuel-cellengineandabattery-assistedpowertrain.•5.RiceandaquaticproductsmakeupamajorpartofthedietofthepeopleintheMekongDelta,Vietnam.•6.Theuseoftouch-screenvotingsystemscouldgetridofmanyproblemsassociatedwithtraditionalpaper-basedballots.•7.Worldwideconsumptionofpesticideshasgoneupto2.6millionmetrictons.•8.AlthoughlaborunionsintheU.S.havebeenabletokeepuptheirmembershipnumbersoverthelasttwodecades,theyhavebeenlosingtheirpoliticalstrength.•9.Thenumberofmaturefemalegreenturtlesthatreturntotheirprimarynestingbeachhasgonedownfrom1,280tenyearsagoto145today.•10.TheU.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgencylooksovernearly25,000exportlicenseapplicationstomakesurethatnoequipmentormaterialsaresenttoplaceswheretheycouldbeusedtomakeadvancedweapons.Nounsandotherpartsofspeech•1.Crashtestdummiesarereallyimportantfor/anintegralpartofautomotivecrashtests.•2.InHongKongthereisonecellphoneforjustabout/nearlyeverytwopeople.•3.Therehasbeenalotof/considerableinterestinhowbackgroundsoundssuchasmusicaffectanindividual’sabilitytoconcentrate.•4.Wegot/obtainedencouragingresultsusingstructuralbambooratherthantimber.•5.Consumerinterestinelectronicbillingandpaymentisgettingbiggerandbigger/increasing.Task•1.ThecompetitionfacedbyU.S.growersfromimportsofMexicanfreshvegetableshasgottenmoreintense.•2.Manyurbanareasdonothaveenoughlandtobuildnewpublicschools.•3.Allergicreactionstolocaldentalanesthesiadonothappenveryoften.•4.Thedoorsontheseferriesweremadebiggertomakeiteasiertoloadandunloadvehicles.Formalgrammarstyle1.Avoidingcontractions•Exportfigureswon’timproveuntiltheeconomyisstronger.•Exportfigureswillnotimproveuntiltheeconomyisstronger.2.Formalnegativeforms•not…any(no)•not…much(little)•not…many(few)Examples•Theanalysisdidn’tyieldanynewresults.•Theanalysisyieldednonewresults.•Thegovernmentdidn’tallocatemuchfundingfortheprogram.•Thegovernmentallocatedlittlefundingfortheprogram.•Thisproblemdoesn’thavemanyviablesolutions.•Thisproblemhasfewviablesolutions.3.Limittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc•Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinrobots,CDplayers,etc.•Thesesemiconductorscanbeusedinrobots,CDplayers,andotherelectronicdevices.4.Avoidaddressingthereaderasyou•YoucanseetheresultsinTable1.•TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.•YoucanclassifyindividualsasMorningTypes(MTs),EveningTypes(ETs),orNeitherType(NTs).•IndividualscanbeclassifiedasMorningTypes(MTs),EveningTypes(ETs),orNeitherType(NTs).5.Becarefulaboutusingdirectquestions•Whatcanbedonetolowercosts?•Itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.•Wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.6.Placeadverbswithintheverb•Actually,verylittleisknownaboutthegeneralnatureandprevalenceofscientificdishonesty.•Verylittleisactuallyknownaboutthegeneralnatureandprevalenceofscientificdishonesty.•ThismodelwasdevelopedbyKrugman(1979)originally.•ThismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbyKrugman(1979).7.Splitinfinitives•Weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.•Neuralnetworkshavetheabilitytocorrectlyclassifynewpatterns.•Thesizeofthecontainercouldbemodifiedtodownwardlyadjusttheportionsizeandamountofconsumption.8.Efficientuseofwords•Itmaybedifficulttomakeadecisionaboutthemethodthatweshoulduse.•Choosingthepropermethodmaybedifficult.•Therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.•Someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.TASK•1.Youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.•2.OK,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?There’realotofpossibilities.•3.Youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.•4.Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsareusedcommonlyforprotectionduringafalltotheground.•5.Sofartherehasn’tbeenanycomprehensivestudylookingintotheroleofsmilingingettingtheinitialtrustofindividuals.•6.Therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythan