学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点总结PartІAcademicEnglishWriting（专业英语写作）Chapter1SixConsiderationsinAcademicWriting1、Academicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purposeandstrategy,organization,style,flowandpresentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。2、Organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1)descriptionofasituation（描述情况）(2)Identificationofaproblem（甄别问题）(3)Descriptionofasolution（描述解决方法）(4)Evaluationofthesolution（评估解决方法）3、FormalGrammarStyle：（正规的语法风格）(1)Generallyavoidcontractions（一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为willnot(2)Usethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms（使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为nonot...much改为littlenot...many改为few(3)Limittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.（限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现andsoforth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritingatextbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：YoucanseetheresultsinTable1.改为：TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.(5)Becarefulaboutusingdirectquestions.Insomefieldstheyarecommon,whileinotherstheyarenot.（使用直接引语时需谨慎）例：Whatcanbedonetolowercosts?改为：Itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.或者Wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.(6)Placeadverbwithintheverb.（将副词放于动词词组内）例：ThismodelwasdevelopedbyKrugmanoriginally.改为：ThismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbyKrugman.(7)Considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：Weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.(8)Aimforanefficientuseofwords.（目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：Therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.改为：Someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.习题：（1）Youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.错误：使用了you。改为：Thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.（2）OK,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?There’realotofpossibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。改为：Coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.（3）Youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。改为：Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationcanclearlybeseen.（4）Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsareusedcommonlyforprotectionduringafalltotheground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。改为：Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsarecommonlyusedforprotectionduringafalltotheground.（5）Sofar,therehasn’tbeenanycomprehensivestudylookingintotheroleofsmilingingettingtheinitialtrustofindividuals.错误：使用了Sofar；使用了therebe结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的lookinginto。改为：Todate,nocomprehensivestudyhasexaminedtheroleofsmilingingainingtheinitialtrustofindividual.（6）Therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.错误：使用了therebe结构；副词widely位置放错。改为：Somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyusedthanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.（7）Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。改为：Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:Illinois,Iowa,Indiana,Ohio,Michigan,andMinnesota.（8）Thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.错误：使用了therebe结构；使用了not...verymuch。改为：Littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.Chapter2TwoUnderlyingStructuresinAcademicWriting（专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1)general-specificstructure（泛论-特指(GS)结构）(2)problem-process-solutionstructure（问题-过程-解决方法）2、GStextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1)Ashortorextendeddefinition（简短或拓展定义）(2)Acontrastiveorcomparativedefinition（对比或比较定义）(3)Ageneralizationorpurposestatement（一般化或目标性陈述）(4)Astatementoffact.（事实陈述）3、Superordinate-categoryword：technique,method,process,device,andsystem.（超级坐标词）4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1).metalthatisoftenused—metaloftenused(2).devicethatiscapableof—devicecapableof(3).roofwhichisontopof—roofontopof(4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—precipitationresultingfrom(5).Thissentencecannotbereduced.(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher---flutepitchedanoctavehigher(7).aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—aprocessinvolvingtheselectivetransport(8).acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—acelestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass5、考题类型：句子排序例题：P276、ComparativeDefinitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类：1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、Participle（分词）例题：P39（1）Theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.（2）Afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.（3）First,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.Itisthenheatedtoover600oCandcooledinastepknownasquenching.8、词和词型的变换P23-P25Chapter3DataCommentary（数据信息解读）1、Inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）2、StructureofDataCommentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）A、Locati