Lesson-4-Love-is-a-Fallacy-PPT

Unit5LoveisFallacy---ByMaxShulmanAims1.Tohaveabasicknowledgeofthetermsinlogic.2.Toappreciatethehumorinthestory.3.Toanalyzethestructureofthestory4.ToappreciatethelanguageTeachingContents1.Specialtermsinlogic2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Thechiefattractionofthestory5.Languagefeatures6.ExercisesTimeallocation1.Termsinlogic(15min.)2.Detailedstudyofthetext(210min.)3.Structureanalysis(15min.)4.Languageappreciation(15min.)5.Exercise(25min.)IIBackgroundKnowledge1.MaxShulman(March14,1919–August28,1988)awriterintheearly'40sasoneofAmerica’sbest-knownhumorists.Lotsofhisnovelswereadaptedtothescreen.1.MaxShulman.BestrememberedforcreatingthepopularcharacterDobieGillis,atypicalAmericanteenwhofrequentlysufferedfromromanticangst(担忧）.Thecharacterappearedonapopulartelevisionsitcom（situationcomedy)duringthe'50sandwasinafeaturefilmin1953.ThetextisfromTheManyLovesofDobieGillieswhichwasapopularTVplay.TheManyLovesofDobieGilliesTheManyLovesofDobieGilliesCharlesLamb(1775-1834)EnglishessayistandcriticwhoisnowbestknownforhisEssaysofElia(1823,1833).HecollaboratedwithhissisterMaryinadaptingShakespeare'splaysintostoriesforchildren.TalesfromShakespeareSpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoetsThomasCarlyle(1795-1881)Englishauthor,ScottishwriterHeinfluencedsocialthinkingaboutthenewindustrialworkingclassthroughhisessayChartismandhisbook“ThePresentandthePast”.Heisbestknownforhisepichistoryof“TheFrenchRevolution”(1837)andhislectures“OnHeroesandHero-Workshop”(1841)ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881)HeproducedSartorResartus(裁缝）1833-34,thebookinwhichhefirstdevelopedhischaracteristicstyleandthought.ThisbookisaveiledSardonic(scornful挖苦的)attackupontheshams(欺骗）andpretencesofsociety,uponhollowrank,hollowofficialism,hollowcustom,outofwhichlifeandusefulnesshavedeparted.ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881)Carlyledevelopedapeculiarstyleofhisownwhichwascalled---“Carlyese”“Carlylism”卡莱尔风格Style--acompoundofbiblicalphrasescolloquialismsTeutonic（条顿的，日尔曼的）twistshisowncoiningarrangedinunexpectedsequences.JohnRuskin--(1819-1900)EnglishcriticandsocialtheoristawriteronartandarchitectureInhislaterwritingsheattackedsocialandeconomicproblemsModernPaintersTheStonesofVeniceTheSevenLampsofArchitectureTimeandTideJohnRuskin--(1819-1900)Positiveprogramforsocialreforms:SesameandLilies（芝麻和百合）TheCrownofWildOliveTheKingoftheGoldenRiverBackgroundKnowledge2.LogicalFallacyAnargumentinlogicpresentsevidenceinsupportofsomethesisorconclusion.Anargumenthastwocomponents:aconclusion,thethesisarguedfor;andcertainpremises（前提）,theconsiderationsadduced（引用）onbehalfoftheconclusion.2.LogicalFallacyTheconclusionissaidtobedrawn,orinferred,fromthepremises.Anargumentisdeductivelyvalid（演绎的有效性）whenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalid;itissaidtobefallacious.2.LogicalFallacyFallaciesaredividedintoeightgroups:1.DictoSimpliciter(绝对判断)(Para.66)2.HastyGeneralization(草率结论)(Para.72)3.PostHoc(牵强附会))(Para.77)4.ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提）（Para.83）5.AdMisericordiam(文不对题)（Para.96）6.FalseAnalogy(错误类比)7.HypothesisContrarytoFacts(与事实相反的假设）（Para.103）8.PoisoningtheWell(井下放毒)(Para.112)DictaSimpliciter（绝对判断）Everyonewantstogetmarriedsomeday.---Theexamplestartsalogicaltrainofthoughtwithanassumptionthatisfalse.Noteveryonewantstogetmarried.HastyGeneralization（草率结论）MrWang'shandwritingisterrible.Mr.Hu'shandwritingisalsoterribleandyouknowhowterriblemen'shandwritingis.---Itappliesaspecialcasetogeneralrule.Thatfactthatcertainperson'shandwritingisbaddoesn'timplythatallmen‘shandwritingisbad.Posthoc,ergopropterhoc–（牵强附会）“Afterthis,thereforebecauseofthisThelastfivetimesthatI'vewornmywhitepants,somethingdepressinghashappened.I'mnotgoingtowearthosepantsagain!--ThisfallacyassumesthatifeventYhappenedaftereventX,thenXmustbethecauseofY.FalseAnalogy（错误类比）Highschoolshouldnotrequireafreshmanwritingcourse.Harvarddoesn'trequireafreshmanwritingcourse,andthestudentsgetalongfinewithoutit.---Theanalogyisfalsebecausethetwoitemsdon'thavestrongenoughsimilaritiestopredictthatwhathappensinonewillhappenintheother.Admisericordian(anappealtopity)(文不对题)Lookatthisfourteen-year-oldchildwho'srunawayfromhometohidehershame--pregnant,unwashed,friendless.penniless,atthemercyofoursocialserviceagencies.Canyoutillclaimthatsexshouldbetaughtintheclassroom?Admisericordian(anappealtopity)(文不对题)---Inthisshiftyapproachtoargumentation,thewritergivestearjerkingdescriptionsofthecruelopponents'victimsinordertoarousesympathyfromthereader.Pre-readingQuestions1)Howdoyouunderstandthetitleofthetext?2）Whatishispurposeofwritingthisessay?3)What’sthethemeofthisstory?Pre-readingquestions2)Howdoyouunderstandthetitleofthetext?Thetitleofthestory“Loveisafallacy”hastwomeanings.When“fallacy”istakeninitsordinarysense,thetitlemeans“thereisadeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove”.Whentakenasaspecificterminlogic,thetitlemeans“lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises”TitleFallacy:afalseormistakenideaItisafallacytosupposethatrichesalwaysbringhappiness.Loveisafallacy:1.Thereisa