高英第五课-Love-is-a-fallacy

LoveIsaFallacyMaxshulman马克斯·舒尔曼(March14,1919–August28,1988)MaxShulmanBirth:14thMarch1919,St.Pual,Minnesota,USA.Death:28thAugust1988,LosAngeles,California,USA(bonecancer)MaxShulmanMaxShulmanisa20thcenturyAmericanwriterbestknownforhistelevisionandshortstorycharacterDobieGillis(多比·吉利斯),aswellasforbest-sellingnovels.Hiswritingoftenfocusedonyoungpeople,particularlyinacollegiatesetting.MaxShulman•writer•playwright•humorist(幽默大师)novels•BarefootBoywithCheek（hisfirstnovel）《无礼的赤脚少年》•TheFeatherMerchants《衣冠楚楚的商人》•TheZebraDerby•SleeptillNoon•RallyAroundTheFlag,Boys《孩子们，团结在旗帜周围吧》•PotatoesAreCheapwritingfeatures•Focusingonyoungpeople,particularlyinacollegiatesetting.•Colloquialism(口语体)——acolloquialexpression.•ThestorygoesataveryfastpacewitharacydialoguefullofAmericanslang.•Heisawriterwhocouldmakepeoplelaugh,buthishumorisnotaninstrumentofcriticism.Play•StarlightTheatre(1950)•HalfaHero(1953)•TheAffairsofDobieGillis(1953)•TheTenderTrap(1955)•TheManyLovesofDobieGillis(1959)•HouseCalls(1979)movies星光剧院多比·吉利斯的许多爱movies温柔陷阱←学府趣事→Fallacy:afalseideathatmanypeopleconsiderasatruth谬论，谬误同义词：mistake,errorfallacy指建立在错误或无效推论上的错误声明或论据；error强调违反某一既定标准，不经心而做了错事，产生偏差，疏忽或行为上的错误；mistake指由于粗心不注意活在理解认识上的不正确而造成行动或看法上的错误，有时这种错误是无意的SpecialTermsinLogicThreetypesoffallacy:1.materialfallacy(fallaciesofpresumption):initsmaterialcontentthroughamisstatementofthefacts.2.verbalfallacy(fallaciesofambiguity):initswordingthroughanincorrectuseofterms.3.formalfallacy(logicalfallacy):initsstructurethroughtheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.1.绝对判断：即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生的个别情形之中DictoSimpliciter：meansanargumentbasedonanunqualifiedgeneralizationExample：“Everyonewantstogetmarriedhandsomeboy.”Theexamplestartsalogicaltrainofthoughtwithanassumptionthatisfalse.Not“everyone”wantstogetmarried.2.草率结论：由个别情形来推断普遍规则HastyGeneralization：Itappliesaspecialcasetogeneralrule.Example:Wuyifanishandsome;Zhonghanliangishandsome,soyouknoweverymanishandsomeintheworld.Thefactthatacertainhandsomepersondoesn’timplythatallmenishandsome.3.错误因果：导致某一现象的原因仅停留在表面上Posthoc:Thecausehasnoconnectionwiththeresult.Example:EverytimeXiaojingtengcamesomewhere,itrains.Infact,thereisnorelationshipbetweenXiaojingtengandrain.4.矛盾前提:当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立Contradictorypremises:whenthepremisesofanargumentcontradicteachother,therecanbenoargumentExample:AbarbersaidheonlybarbersthepeoplewhocannotbarbertheirhairShouldhebarbershimself???5.诸诉同情（文不对题）:并无关联的结论与前提AdMisericordiam:answerhasnoconnectionwiththequestion.Example：Wehopeyou'llacceptourrecommendations.Wespentthelastthreemonthsworkingextratimeonit.HR:Youhaddonetoomuch,butwedonotneed6.错误类比:将情况不同的事物进行比较Falseanalogy:makeananalogybetweendifferentthings.Example:Youngchildrenarelikeflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedgetridofeverythingnegative.Afterall,childrenflowers7.事实相反的假设:不合逻辑的推理Hypothesiscontrarytofact:drawanysupportableconclusionfromahyperthesisthatisnotture.Example:IfWuyifandidnotreturetoChina,wewouldnotseethemoviesomewhereonlyweknow.Thedirectorcouldfindsomeoneelse8.井下放毒:事先否定对方Poisoningthewell:PoisoningtheWell,orspeaking“againsttheman”ratherthantheissue,inwhichthepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonwhoholdssomethesis,insteadofofferinggroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.Example:YoumayarguethatGoddoesn'texist,butyouarejustfollowingafad.LoveisaFallacyIwasnotPygmalion;IwasFrankenstein,andmymonsterhadmebythroat.Explain:Thesetwoallusions(暗示、提及)arewellchosen.HeplannedtobePygmalion(希腊神话中的皮格马利翁),tofashion(把…塑造成)anidealwifeforhimself;buthebecameFrankenstein(作法自毙的人)forPolly(hisstudent)ultimatelyrejectedhim(herteacher)Whatisthemeaning?PygmalionIntroduction:akingofCyprus(塞浦路斯),andasculptor,whofellinlovewithhisownstatueofGalatea(加拉泰雅),latebroughttolifebythegoddessoflove,Aphrodite（阿芙洛狄忒）,athisprayer.(fromGreekmythology）Pygmalioneffect:Itmeansthatpeoplegetwhattheyexpectnotwhatyouwant.Onlywhenyouhaveexpectation,youwillsuccess.Onthecontrary,therewillbehindersifyoubelievethatyourcareerconfrontaseriesofhinders.soyouwillgetgoodresultsasyouexpectedifyouarefullofexpectation,thoughsometimestheyarewrong.（皮格马利翁效应，说你行，你就行；说你不行，你就不行，行也不行）Apply:inournewsociety,PygmalioneffectisappliedwidelyIneducationandmanagement.IttellusthatpositiveexpectationCanhelppeopleprogressfastandbetter.EveryonewillgetexpectedResultswhenpraised.MoviesandBooksaboutPygmalion•Book:PygmalioniswrittenbyGeorgeBernardShaw.ThestoryisthatanIdealisticprofessortransformsanUnsophisticatedcockneygirlintoarefinedyoungladyinthisclassicDramassetinturn-of-the-centuryLondon.MOVIES:MyFairLady(窈窕淑女)ITisadaptedbyGeorgeCukor（乔治丘克）accordingtoPygmalion.FrankensteinFrankenstein;ThetitlecharacterinanovelbyMaryWollstonecraftShelley;heisayoungmedicalstudentwhocreat-esmonsterthatdestroyshim.(今也可指自作自受的人).•ThestorywasplacedinEurope.AyoungmanwholovedsciencewenttoEnglandtostudy.Aftersometimeofresearching,hediscoveredthemysteryofhumanbodyandcreatedastrangebeing,anuglymonster.Frankensteinwasveryshockedbytheuglyshapeofthemonster,soheleftthemonsterwithhate.Sincethen,themonsterfacedaworldfullofhateandfear.Hecouldn’tbea