Diplomacy

TheChangingSino-AmericanRelationshipAboutthewriter•ThearticlewaswrittenbyShahidR.SiddiqionSeptember22,2009.•ShahidR.SiddiqiworkedasabroadcasterwithRadioPakistanandremainedtheIslamabadbureauchiefofanEnglishweeklymagazine‘Pakistan&GulfEconomist’•IntheU.S.heco-foundedtheAsianAmericanRepublicanClubinMarylandin1994toencouragetheparticipationofAsianAmericansinthemainstreampoliticalprocess.GettingtoBeijing:HenryKissinger'sSecret1971•HenryAlfredKissingerisanAmericandiplomatandpoliticalscientist.HeservedasNationalSecurityAdvisorandlaterconcurrentlyasSecretaryofStateintheadministrationsofPresidentsRichardNixonandGeraldFord.HenryKissinger'sSecret1971•KissingersoughttoplacediplomaticpressureontheSovietUnion.HemadetwotripstothePeople'sRepublicofChinainJulyandOctober1971(thefirstofwhichwasmadeinsecret)toconferwithPremierZhouEnlai,theninchargeofChineseforeignpolicy.HenryKissinger'sSecret1971•AccordingtoKissinger'sbook,TheWhiteHouseYears,thefirstsecretChinatripwasarrangedthroughPakistan'sdiplomaticandPresidentialinvolvementthatpavedthewaytoinitialvitalcontactwithChinasincetheAmericanswereunabletocommunicatedirectlywiththeChineseleadersbecauseofearliercoldrelations.reformandopeningup•TheChineseeconomicreformreferstotheprogramofeconomicreformscalledSocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsinthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)thatwasstartedinDecember1978byreformistswithintheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)ledbyDengXiaoping.MFN(最惠国）•Ininternationaleconomicrelationsandinternationalpolitics,mostfavourednation(MFN)isastatusorleveloftreatmentaccordedbyonestatetoanotherininternationaltrade.Thetermmeansthecountrywhichistherecipientofthistreatmentmust,nominally,receiveequaltradeadvantagesasthemostfavourednationbythecountrygrantingsuchtreatment.otheritems•tradesurplus贸易顺差•Aneconomicmeasureofapositivebalanceoftrade,whereacountry'sexportsexceedsitsimports.•Ifacountryhasatradesurplus,itexportsmorethanitimports.•UStreasurybonds美国国债inflationanddeflation•Ineconomics,inflationisasustainedincreaseinthegeneralpricelevelofgoodsandservicesinaneconomyoveraperiodoftime.Whenthepricelevelrises,eachunitofcurrencybuysfewergoodsandservices.•Deflationisadecreaseinthegeneralpricelevelofgoodsandservices.Deflationoccurswhentheinflationratefallsbelow0%(anegativeinflationrate).Reservecurrency•Areservecurrency(oranchorcurrency)isacurrencythatisheldinsignificantquantitiesbygovernmentsandinstitutionsaspartoftheirforeignexchangereserves.Thereservecurrencyiscommonlyusedininternationaltransactionsandoftenconsideredahardcurrencyorsafe-havencurrency.•Bytheendofthe20thcentury,theUnitedStatesdollarwasconsideredtheworld'smostdominantreservecurrency.InternationalMonetaryFund•TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)isaninternationalorganizationheadquarteredinWashington,D.C.,intheUnitedStates,of188countriesworkingtofosterglobalmonetarycooperation,securefinancialstability,facilitateinternationaltrade,promotehighemploymentandsustainableeconomicgrowth,andreducepovertyaroundtheworld.•Hegemony(/hɨˈdʒɛməni/)isthepolitical,economic,ormilitarypredominanceorcontrolofonestateoverothers.