英语写作(10)-Paragraph-2

1.DevelopmentbyTimeinchronologicalsequence=inorderoftime按时间先后顺序thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirst&thelastthinglasttheeasiest&clearestwayintellingastoryorrecountinganevent[Analysis]Sample(1)P92A.Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:Sample(2)P92A.Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:historyoftherailroadinthesixteenthcentury,bytheearlynineteenthcentury,in1825,thatsameyear,soon,duringthe1830s,bytheearly1840sthewriter’sfirstdayatanewschoolasImountedthestairstomynewclassroom;then;duringtherecess;soon;attheendofthedayExpressionsforDescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringbetween___and___,in___(year),since___later,earlier,formerlyattheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,theformer,thelatter,previous,previously,priortofirst,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheend2.DevelopmentbyProcessexplainhowsth.isdoneaccordingtoitsrightsequencesoastoavoidmistakesorfailuresusu.followachronologicalorderandgiveastep-by-stepdescriptionimperativesentences&sentenceswiththeindefinitepron.youasthesubjectareoftenusedingivinginstructionsusepresenttenseiftheinstructionsarestillapplicableSample1P94[Analysis]Theparagraphdescribesstepbystepwhatthingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouseandthepresenttenseisused.However,onethingneedstobenoticedinthisparagraph:thoughmanythingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouse,thereseemstobenofixorderinwhichonethingshouldbedonebeforeanotheraslongastheyarealldone.Thisisanotherwaytodevelopaparagraphbyprocess.Thereareonlytwotransitionalwordsinthisparagraph:1.Beforethemencometomovethefurniture,···2.Andlastly,···Sample2P951.Firstly,youshould...getregularexercise...2.Justbeforetheexam,ithelpstowriteshortnotes...3.Onthedayoftheexam,don'tdoanystudying...Canyoufindoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicatethetimesequenceintheparagraph?ExpressionsforWritingProcessDescriptionsoccur,before,atthispoint,become,until,atthesametime,happen,while,after,grow,as,first,…secondly,…lastly…takeplace,once,next,becarriedout,then,changeinto,assoonas3.DevelopmentbySpaceFirst,chooseavantagepoint(有利位置),fromwhichthingsareviewed.Second,stateclearlythespatialrelations(空间关系)amongtheobjectsbeingdescribed.Third,concentrateonthebest-knownfeaturesoftheplace&ignorestheminorones.Lastly,describetheplaceinpresenttense.Sample1:OxfordP97[Analysis]Thisparagraphisadescriptionoftheolduniversitytown,Oxford.Inthisparagraph,theauthorobviouslystandsatthecenterofOxfordanddescribeswhatsurroundshim.Sample2:TheTerraceParkP98[Analysis]Theparagraphgivesyouaclearandorderlypictureofaprettypark.Wheredoyouthinktheauthorstands?Hemustbebyonesideofthepark,forthatiswherehestartshisdescription.Themostimportantfeatureoftheparkisthepitches,andotherfeaturesarethetrees,theriver,theflowersandothersportsfacilities.Thepresenttenseisusedinthedescription.ExpressionsforDescribingSpatialRelationshipswhere,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.adjacenttoparallelrectanglecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicircledistanceperpendiculartoslopemidpointplanespaceinterioroppositesurfacediagonaloverlappingverticaledgepyramidhorizontallimitexteriorintersection4.DevelopmentbyExampleoftenusedinexplainingthingsmakewritingvivid,convincing&memorablemakedry,abstractideasortheoriesinteresting,concrete&easytounderstand[Analysis]Thefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentarathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,youfinditreallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelievethatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstracttheorieseasytounderstand.Sowhenyouwriteanexplanatoryparagraph,youshouldalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandpoints.UsingthephraseForexampleisaconvenientwaytostart.Sample1P100Sample2P100[Analysis]Inthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownpeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeyidea“persistentinvestigation”concrete.Theyalsoadddramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysnecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whenanexampleisgiven.ExpressionsforGivingSpecificDetailsforexampleasanillustrationforinstanceinoneinstanceforonethinginthisinstancetoillustrateasanexampleinotherwordstake______forexampleasfollowsconsider______forexampleletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidence5.DevelopmentbyComparison&ContrastThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofcontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthetwoobjectsbeingcontrasted.Therearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineone