Unit-8-Christianity

Unit8ChristianityTheReformationFourMainReligionsChristianity1stcenturyAD★1.5-2.2billionadherentsFourMainReligionsIslam7thcenturyAD★1.3billionBuddhismaround600BC★350millionJudaismaround2000BC★14millionOriginandHistory•ItisrootedinJudaism•1stcenturyAD:foundedbyJesus•In135:becameindependentreligion•In313:“EdictofMilan”•In392:becamethestatereligionofRomanEmpire•In1054:splitintotheRomanCatholicandOrthodox.•In16thcentury:thesecondbreak,dividedintothreebranches,resultedinestablishmentofProtestant.TheBible•Officialcollectionofbooks:TwopartsOldTestament:39writteninHebrewNewTestament:27writteninGreekJesusistheSonofGod,thatHeisonewithGod,andthatHewassenthereforoursalvation.Godisthecreatorofallpeople,theworld,theuniverse,andeverythingseenandunseen.JesuswasconceivedoftheHolySpiritofGodandbornthroughtheVirginMary.GodJesusHolySpiritChristianityTrinityTheInfluence•ChristianityhadaverybigimpactonWesterncivilization.Humanisttradition,suchasfreedom,equality,andfraternity,becametheheartofDeclarationofIndependence,DeclarationofHumanRights,andalong-termspiritualdrivingforceoftheWesterndemocratic.TheRenaissance16thcenturyWesternEuropeChristianityChristianityWesternEuropeinthe16thCenturyTheReformation圣巴瑟洛缪之夜密莱斯19世纪在修道院幽暗的房间中，一位手持利剑的贵族青年前来向过去的情人告别。她已经成为修女，因不忍看见即将到来的杀戮和死亡而抓住他不放。天色将明，无情的黑衣僧人正招手催他出发。他们将在巴黎参加一场著名的血腥屠杀，青年手臂上绑着的白布条表明他属于屠杀者天主教徒一派——密莱斯在这幅画中以一个十分细微的角度，讲述了发生在1572年8月24日的“圣巴瑟洛缪之夜”的浩劫。当时的法国国王查理九世表面上支持、笼络新教的领导人，暗中却怂恿旧教策划阴谋，利用圣巴瑟洛缨节当天新教徒在巴黎集中的机会，发动了一场对新教徒的屠杀，当晚至少有3000人被屠戮。死神的胜利(反映天主教与新教之间的宗教战争)勃鲁盖尔嵌板画1562年勃鲁盖尔用一种怪诞而又细致的笔触描画了对骷髅统治世界的想象，就像博斯的作品一样，令人感觉非常真实。30年的宗教战争让整个欧洲进入了死神的掌管之中。HistoricalBackgroundCulturePoliticsEconomyReligionTheReformationIndependenceReformersRenaissanceIndulgenceChristianityChristianityWhatleadstotheReformation?SellingtheIndulgences•In1517,apreachernamedTetzelcametoanearbyvillage,offeringindulgencestothosewhowouldcontributetothebuildingofnewCathedralofSt.Peter,atRoma.Hesaid:“Sosoonascoinincofferrings,thesoulfromPurgatory(炼狱)springs.”CausesDirectcauseRootcauseReformationleaders•MartinLuther(1483-1546)&95theses(Oct.31,1517)•JohnCalvin(1509-1564)•HenryⅧMartinLuther(1483-1546)•GermanleaderoftheReformation.In1507,beingapriest,hebeganacareerasatheologicalteacher，lateraprofessor:attacked(1517)Tetzel’ssaleofindulgence,byposting95thesesonthechurchdooratWittenburgdeveloped(1512-13)theideaofjustificationbyfaithbeganhisGermantranslationoftheBible(1521-22)inWartburgCastlePopularityweakenedbyhisoppositiontothePeasants’War(1524-25).95Theses•Wrote95ThesesattackingTetzelandotherswhousedindulgences•LutherpostedthestatementsonthedooroftheWittenbergChapel–Oct31,1517–Typicalpracticeduringthistime–Invitedpeopletodebatetheissues•ThisofficiallybegantheReformation•Histeachingswerethefollowing:–PeoplecouldwinsalvationonlybyfaithinGod’sgiftofforgiveness–AllChurchteachingsshouldbeclearlybasedonwordsoftheBible–Allpeoplewithfaithwereequal.ThereforepeopledidnotneedprieststointerprettheBibleforthemMartinLuther’sThesesMartinLutherNatureofLifeCommunicationGraceandFaithBibleChristianityChristianityMartinLutherLutherans•In1522LutherwouldreturntoWittenberg•Hediscoveredthatmanyofhisideaswerealreadybeingused•EventuallyLutherandhisfollowersformedthereligiousgroupknownastheLutherans•70millionLutheransworldwide(9millioninUS)3rdlargestChristianfaithinworldJohnCalvin(1509-1564)•Frenchlawyerandtheologian.•InstitutesoftheChristianReligion•FedtoSwizerland•Newleaderofprotestantism•establishedachurchgovernmentinGeneva.DoctrinesofCalvinism•Justificationbyfaith•stressedthedoctrineofpredestination:“Hehasonceforalldetermined,bothwhomhewouldadmittosalvation,andwhomhewouldcondemntodestruction.”---JohnCalvin,InstitutesoftheChristianReligion,trans.HohnAllen(Philadelphia,1936),vol.1,p.228;Vol.2,P181thereligiousdoctrinethatThefateofahumanafterdeathhasbeendecidedbyGod,andthatthisisunavoidable.•Originalsin&totaldepravity:emphasizedthesinfulnatureofmanDoctrinesofCalvinism•TheabsolutesovereigntyofGod•biblicalauthoritywastobesetaboveChurchtradition•supportedaplainstyleofworship.keptonlytwosacraments:baptismandtheLord’ssupper(therealpresenceofJesusinthesacramentoftheLord’ssupperinaspiritualsense.BibleprovidedalltheguidanceapersonneededtoliveaChristianlife.ChristiansgainedsalvationthroughgraceandfaithCertainpeoplewerechosenbyGodforsalvationJohnCalvinChristianityChristianityJohnCalvinHenryVIII1509–1547•HenryⅧ‘sDivorce&RomanCatholicChurch•TheSplitwithRome---ActofSupremacy(1534)theKing'shighnesstobesupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland[having]theauthoritytoredressallerrors,heresies,andabuses,England•HenryVIII-KingofEngland–DevoutCatholic–Maleheir•MarriedCatherineofAragon–Catherinegetspregnant!!!YEAH!!!–Catherinehasgirl!!!BOOO!!•Mary•By1527HenrywasconvincedthatCatherinewouldhavenomorechildren–WantedtodivorceThereligiousunityinWesternandCentralEuropeoftheMiddleAgeshasvanishedProtestantReformationChristiansweredividedintoCatholicsandProtestantsChristianityChristianityInfluencesoftheReformationTheImpactsoftheReformation•PermanentlydividedEuropeintotworeligiouscamps•Increasedreligiou